2. AP Biology 2015 OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Carbohydrates energy molecules

3. AP Biology Carbohydrates  Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbon – hydrate CH 2 O (CH 2 O) x C 6 H 12 O 6  Function:  energy u energy storage  raw materials u structural materials  Monomer: sugars  ex: sugars, starches, cellulose sugar C 6 H 12 O 6 (CH 2 O) x

4. AP Biology Sugar structure 5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution Most names for sugars end in -ose

5. AP Biology Simple & complex sugars  Monosaccharides  simple 1 monomer sugars  glucose  Disaccharides  2 monomers  sucrose  Polysaccharides  large polymers  starch OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Glucose

6. AP Biology Building sugars  Dehydration synthesis glycosidic linkage | glucose | glucose monosaccharidesdisaccharide | maltose H2OH2O

7. AP Biology Building sugars  Dehydration synthesis | fructose | glucose monosaccharides | sucrose (table sugar) disaccharide H2OH2O

8. AP Biology Polysaccharides  Polymers of sugars  costs little energy to build  easily reversible = release energy  Function:  energy storage  starch (plants)  glycogen (animals)  in liver & muscles  structure  cellulose (plants)  chitin (arthropods & fungi)

9. AP Biology Polysaccharides in plants and animals starch (plant) glycogen (animal) energy storage

10. AP Biology Polysaccharide diversity  Molecular structure determines function  isomers of glucose  structure determines function… in starchin cellulose

11. AP Biology Digesting starch vs. cellulose starch easy to digest enzyme cellulose hard to digest

12. AP Biology Cellulose  Most abundant organic compound on Earth  herbivores have evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose  most carnivores have not  that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients  cellulose = undigestible roughage

13. AP Biology GHOSTS

14. AP Biology Functional groups determine function carbonyl ketone aldehyde carbonyl

15. AP Biology Sugars  Most names for sugars end in -ose  Classified by number of carbons  6C = hexose (glucose)  5C = pentose (ribose)  3C = triose (glyceraldehyde) OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Glucose H OH HO O H H H Ribose CH 2 OH Glyceraldehyde H H H H OH O C C C 653