1. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

3. What Builds This Object?

4. Macromolecules – Building of Cells Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids What Builds These Macromolecules?

5. Compounds Of Course!!! This is glucose that builds carbohydrates!!

6. Why is Every Compound Different?

14. Put Together Compounds and make MACROMOLECULES

24. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds : Compounds that contain carbon bonding with other atoms that build your cells. *Carbon is the backbone of life!!!

25. Organic Compounds Contain the element carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbon is found in things that are or once were living. Carbon atoms share electrons to form covalent bonds.

26. CARBON Why is carbon the backbone of life? Why is it special? 1.Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell. To satisfy the octet rule, it needs to share 4 other electrons. 2. This means that each carbon atom forms 4 covalent bonds with elements like H, O, P, & N!!

28. Three Types Of Carbon Molecules 1.Straight Chain: 2. Ring: 3. Branched Chain:

29. Straight Chains A hydrocarbon can contain one carbon atom, as in methane or thousands of carbon atoms, as in cellulose One carbonMethane Two carbonethane Three carbon propane Four carbonbutane Five carbons pentane Six carbonhexane

30. Branched Chains The structural formula for certain alkanes can differ. Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are isomers.

31. The Ring Carbons can be arranged in a ring, such as cyclobutane.

32. Functional Groups Functional group: Functional group: an atom or group of atoms within a molecule that will determine how the compound will react. Functional groups are important for three reason; they are 1. Determine compounds function 2. the sites of characteristic chemical reactions(polar or nonpolar) 3. the basis for naming organic compounds

33. Functional Groups Most of the useful behavior of organic compounds comes from functional groups attached to the carbons. A functional group is a special cluster of atoms that performs a useful function.

34. Hydroxyl group - alcohols hydroxyl contain an -OH (hydroxyl) group Carbs

36. Hydroxyl Group OH Functional Groups

37. Carbonyl Group carbonyl (C=O) group contain a carbonyl (C=O) group Carbon double bonded to oxygen Carbon double bonded to oxygen

39. Sugars or carbohydrates Sugars or carbohydrates

40. Carboxyl Group carboxyl (-COOH) group contain a carboxyl (-COOH) group Acids because gives up H+ ions(vinegar) Acids because gives up H+ ions(vinegar) Amino Acids Amino Acids

41. Carboxyl Group COOH Functional Groups

43. Amino Group Nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and carbon skeleton. Proteins or amino acids CH 3 NH H CH 3 NH CH 3 CH 3 NCH 3 CH 3 : : :

44. Amine Group N-H 2 Functional Groups

46. Phosphate Group Phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. ATP energy and DNA

48. Methyl Group Carbon bonded to three hydrogens Part of DNA – nucleic acid

54. Macromolecule Large molecules that make up living things. They are large chains of smaller molecules or compounds. It means “giant molecule”.

55. Organic Compounds Organic compounds are composed of hundreds to thousands of individual molecules. –The single molecules in a polymer are called monomers.

56. Monomers All macro organic molecules are made up of smaller subunits called monomers. This is just the base unit that repeats over and again. The monomers can be identical or different.

57. Polymers Organic macromolecules are made up of repeating monomers.These chains of monomers are called polymers.

58. Organic Compounds The long molecules formed by repeating patterns of monomers are called polymers.

59. Condensation(dehydration) Reaction A condensation reaction is the removal of water to connect monomers. The large chain is then bonded to form a polymer.

60. Hydrolysis Process of adding water to break apart polymers.

62. 4 Groups of Organic Compounds 1.Carbohydrates 2.Proteins 3.Lipids 4.Nucleic Acids

63. Carbohydrates Make up sugars and starches Contain a hydroxyl (OH) group Contain atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The ratio of the atoms is 1 C : 2 H : 1 O Provide energy to the cells. Dissolve in water (hydrophilic)

64. Carbohydrates * Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, and O. *Ratio: 1C:2H:1O *Function: 1. Main source of energy. 2. Plants and some animals use it for structural purposes.

68. Sugars or carbohydrates Sugars or carbohydrates

69. Types of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are classified according to size. One sugar is a monosaccharide (monomer).monosaccharide Two sugars make a disaccharide.disaccharide Many sugar molecules linked together form a polysaccharide (polymer).polysaccharide

70. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are made up of monomers called monosaccharides. Examples of monosaccrharides: 1.glucose: plant produce during photosynthesis 2.Galactose: found in milk and diary 3.Fructose: sugar in many fruits GLUCOSE!

71. Fructose

72. Monosaccharide Milk SugarFruit Sugar Types of Carbs

73. Carbohydrates Two monomers of monosaccharides together are called disaccharides. Sucrose is a examples of a disaccharide.

74. Disaccharide Maltose is two glucose molecules; forms in digestive tract of humans during starch digestion. Types of Carbs

77. MALTOSE

78. Carbohydrates A polysaccharide is a long chain of monosacchrides Joined together. Examples of polysacchrides: 1.glycogen:stored energy 2.Starch: plant stored energy 3.Cellulose: cell walls STARCH!!!

79. Polysaccharide Starch is straight chain of glucose molecules with few side branches. Types of Carbs

80. Look at the difference between these two. Think about how Plants use cellulose and animals use starch. They are shaped this way because of their use. Cellulose – straight chains Starch Branched.

81. Lipids The three types of lipids are fats, oils, and waxes. Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Typically contain two monomers – glycerol and fatty acids glycerol and fatty acids Glycerol contains the hydroxyl (OH) group. Fatty acids contain the carboxyl (COOH) group.

82. Lipids DEFINE: Large groups of organic compounds not soluble in water. Mostly made up of C and H with very little O. Functions: 1.Store energy for long term. 2.Waterproof covering

83. 4 main categories of Lipids 1.Fats 2.Oils 3.Waxes 4.steroids FAT!!!

84. Monomers in Lipids Lipids

85. Functions of Lipids Lipids store energy for later use by the body. Lipids also serve as padding and protection for the body. Lipids do not dissolve in water (hydrophobic), but may contain parts that can dissolve in water. The H : O ratio is higher in lipids than it is in carbohydrates.

86. Lipids Structure of a lipid: Glyercol molecule combines with fatty acids. The Different fatty acids determine the type of lipid. Fatty acids have a long hydrocarbon (carbon and hydrogen) chain with a carboxyl (acid) group..carboxyl -

87. Fatty Acids Long chains of carbon atoms with attached hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbons) Saturated fats contain only single bonds between the carbon atoms. Unsaturated fats contain one or more double or triple bonds between the carbon atoms.

88. Lipids Lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and very little nitrogen.

89. Saturated & Unsaturated Fats

90. Lipids Saturated vs. Unsaturated Saturated means that all the carbon bonds are taken. They are solid at room temperature and bad for you. Unsaturated means that there is at least one double bond with the carbon. They are liquid at room temp. and are better for you.

93. Lipids All lipids are not soluble in water. That is why they are placed together.

95. Which ones are Saturated??

96. Structure of a Lipid Dissolves in water (hydrophilic)hydrophilic Does not dissolve in water (hydrophobic)

97. Phospholipid Found in cell membranes –Head is the phosphate group. Hydrophilic –Tails are the fatty acids. Hydrophobi c

99. Proteins Proteins are the building materials for the body. –Hair, skin, muscles, and organs are made mostly of proteins. Composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen Contain amine (NH 2 ) and carboxyl (COOH) groups

100. Proteins Any of a large group of nitrogen containing organic compounds that are essential part cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes; "a diet high in protein.”

101. Function of Proteins The building blocks of proteins are amino acids (monomers). Serve as enzymes which control rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Amino acids are connected by a special type of bond called a peptide bond. peptide bond Amino acid chains are called polypeptides. A protein contains one or more polypeptide chains.

102. Proteins Macromolecules that contain N, C, O and H. Functions: 1.Rate of cell processes(enzymes). 2.Cellular structures 3.Controls substances in and out of cell. 4.Fight disease.

106. Examples of Proteins 1.Hemoglobin in blood 2.Collagen 3.Enzymes 4.insulin

107. Types of Proteins There are two types of proteins – fibrous and globular. Fibrous protein (found in skin, tendons, bones, and muscles) does not dissolve in water (hydrophobic). Fibrous protein Globular protein (found in enzymes, some hormones, and hemoglobin) can dissolve in water (hydrophilic). Globular protein

108. Functions of Proteins Some important functions of proteins are listed below. enzymes (chemical reactions) hormones storage (egg whites of birds, reptiles; seeds) transport (hemoglobin) contractile (muscle) protective (antibodies) membrane proteins (receptors, membrane transport, antigens) structural toxins (botulism, diphtheria)

109. Proteins and Amino acid formation Proteins are made up of monomers of amino acids help together by peptide bonds. 3 parts of an amino acid: 1.Amino group 2.Carboxyl group 3.R group

110. Amino Acids Function of Proteins

111. Structure of Proteins Twenty of the amino acids are used to make protein. Each has a carboxyl group (COOH) and an amino group (NH2). carboxyl group

112. Proteins(examples of R-Groups) There are 20 different amino acids found in nature.Different proteins are determined by the type of amino acids connected together. All amino acids are the same except for the R-group. The R-group gives the amino acids different properties.

113. R – Group

114. The R – Group(functional group)

118. Proteins(structure) Long chains of amino acids are connected by peptide bonds which are called polypeptides.

120. Nucleic acid Any of various macromolecules composed of nucleotide chains that are vital constituents of all living cells.

121. Nucleic acids Macromolecules containing H, N, C, O and P. Made up of monomers of nucleotides.

122. Nucleotides 3 parts of a nucleotide 1.Phosphate 2.Deoxyribose sugar 3.Nitrogen base

123. Function of a Nucleic Acids 1.Carry genetic material 2.Carries codes to make proteins

124. 2 Examples of Nucleic Acids 1.RNA – ribosenucleic acids 2.DNA – deoxyribosenucleic acid

125. Function of DNA 1.Carry codes to make proteins. 2.Carry genetics code(genes).

126. Function of RNA 1. Function of RNA is to make proteins from the code DNA carries.