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2. Conquest of the Aztecs Even though the Aztecs had thousands of warriors Cortes was still able to conquer the Aztec empire with only 508 soldiers because he had superior weapons, Native American allies, and the Aztecs population would be decimated by European diseases. When Cortes first arrived in Mesoamerica many of the native people believe that Cortes was a god.

3. Conquest of the Inca Empire Like Cortes Francisco Pizarro would be able to conquer the Inca Empire with very few soldiers because he had superior weapons, Native American allies, and the native population would be decimated by disease. In only a few years the Spanish had conquered two American empires. As a result of this conquest the Spanish and their allies killed thousands of Inca and Aztecs. But even more Inca and Aztecs would die from disease up to three quarters of the entire Inca and Aztec population.

4. Spanish settlements The Spanish called their new empire new Spain. Most immigrants to new Spain were Spanish. Jews, Muslims, and non-Christians were forbidden to settle in new Spain. At first it would be mainly men in new Spain but eventually women would join as well. Spain ruled its new empire through a system of royal officials.

5. System of royal officials Council of the Indies Viceroyalty of Peru and viceroyalty of new Spain.(Both appointed by the Council of the Indies) viceroyalty of Peru - governed most of South America viceroyalty of new Spain - governed most of Central America, Mexico, and the southern part of the United States.

6. Types of settlements Pueblos - served as trading posts and sometimes a center of government Missions- where priests converted Native Americans to Catholicism Presidio's -military bases to protect towns and missions The Spanish built the royal road which connected Mexico City to Santa Fe

7. Exploring the southeast Juan Ponce de leon a Spanish explorer Would conquer the Caribbean islands and discover the coast of Florida where he would search for the fountain of youth. Another Spanish explorer Hernando de soto would lead an expedition that would begin in present day Tampa Bay Florida and end in present-day Oklahoma.Hernando de soto would discover both the Mississippi River and the Appalachian Mountains on his journey.

8. Exploring the Southwest Cabeza De Vaca would be captured by Native Americans while exploring the American Southwest. When he escaped he would return to Spain and he would advocate for better treatment of Native Americans. He would also write a book that would fuel rumors that many riches could be found in North America.

9. Exploring the Southwest One Explorer inspired by De Vacas accounts would be Vasquez de Coronado who would search the American Southwest going as far as Kansas for seven cities of gold.

10. Spanish treatment of Native Americans Most Spanish treated Native Americans as slaves and forced them to work in terrible conditions on plantations or mines.

11. The role of the Catholic Church Some Native Americans would combine Spanish customs with their own. while others would completely reject Spanish ideas. Many priests such as Bartolome de las Casas advocated converting the native population through kindness and love and the Spanish monarchs agreed. But many colonists did not follow the laws and instead it treated Native Americans poorly.

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13. Justinian Justinian would reconquer Italy and much of the land around the Mediterranean in an attempt to re-create the Roman Empire. Justinian would also remove any outdated or non- Christian laws. And then organize the laws into a legal system called the Justinian code. Justinian would make some enemies during his rule they started riots in Constantinople. Justinian was going to flee the city but his wife Theodora convinced him to stay.

14. The Empire after Justinian The Empire would begin to decline after Justinian's death. barbarians, Persians, and Muslims would take all the land that Justinian had conquered. In 1453 a group called the Ottoman Turks would conquer Constantinople and officially bring the Roman Empire to its end.

15. A new society Even though the people of the Byzantine Empire considered themselves to be Roman they were influenced more by Creek and Asian culture rather than typical Roman culture.

16. Outside influences The main reason why the Byzantine Empire was so different than the rest of the Roman Empire is because they traded with so many different people. As a result their culture began to reflect the people they traded with.

17. Government The Byzantine Emperor had much more power than a normal Roman Emperor. Because they were not only a political ruler but also the head of the church. As a result people thought he had been chosen by God to rule.

18. Byzantine Christianity Nearly everyone in the Byzantine Empire was Christian. The Byzantines built many churches to show their devotion to God the greatest of which was the Hagia sophia. Eventually Christians in the Byzantine Empire would begin to develop different beliefs. They would break away from the Christian church and would become known as the Orthodox Church.

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20. Major climate zones The Earth has five general climate zones tropical, temperate, polar, dry, and Highland. Tropical, temperate, and polar climates usually occur at certain latitudes while dry and Highland climates occur at many latitudes.

21. Tropical climates Humid tropical- Occur on the equator and are warm with high amounts. They have rain all year round and have tropical rain forests. Tropical savanna- Occur in higher latitudes in the tropics. They are warm all year round and have a distinct rainy and dry season and they have tall grass and scattered trees.

22. Dry climates Desert- Are located mainly on 30° latitude they can also be found in the middle of Continents on the West Coast's, and in rain shadows. They are sunny and dry and received less than 10 inches of rain a year. They have very hardy plants such as cactus. Steppe- Mainly border deserts and interiors of large continents. They receive about 10 to 20 inches of precipitation a year and have hot summers and cool winters with a wide range of temperatures during the day they have short grasses and some trees.

23. Temperate climate Mediterranean- Occur on the West Coast and middle latitudes. They are dry and sunny and receive an average of 15 to 20 inches of rain a year. They have woodlands and grasslands. Humid subtropical- Occur on the East Coast and middle latitudes. They are humid with hot summers and mild winters and are often times in the paths of hurricanes and typhoons. They have mixed forests. Marine West Coast- Occur in the West Coast in the upper middle latitudes. They are cloudy with mild summers and cool rainy winters and have evergreen forests. Humid continental- Are located in the East Coast and interiors of upper middle latitudes. They have four distinct seasons they have long cold winters and short warm summers and average precipitation and mixed forests.

24. Polar climates Subarctic- Are located in the higher latitudes of the interior and eastern coasts of continents. They have long cold winters and short warm summers with little participation. They have northern evergreen forests. Tundra- Are located on the coasts in high latitudes. They are cold all year around and have very short cool summers with little precipitation. They have moss, lichen, and low shrubs. Ice caps- Are located in polar regions. They have freezing cold temperatures with little precipitation with no vegetation.

25. Highland climates Highland- are located in high mountain regions. They have a wide range of temperatures and precipitation depending on the elevation and location. The plants range from forest to tundra.