1. Professor Barry Crittenden Department of Chemical Engineering University of Bath, Bath, UK, BA2 7AY INTENSIFIED HEAT TRANSFER TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENHANCED HEAT RECOVERY - INTHEAT INTHEAT KICK-OFF MEETING 17 DECEMBER 2010

2. 1.Bath and its University 2.INTHEAT work packages 3.Experimental capability 4.CFD capability 5.Fouling & threshold model capability 6.Compensation plot OUTLINE

3. INTHEAT KICK-OFF MEETING 17 DECEMBER 2010 Population 85,000 (with two Universities) UNESCO World Heritage City Excellent transport links 40 km from Bristol International Airport 160km west of London CITY OF BATH

4. INTHEAT KICK-OFF MEETING 17 DECEMBER 2010 Received Charter in 1966 Located on a hill overlooking the City of Bath 13,000 students, including 3,400 international students from over 100 countries THE UNIVERSITY OF BATH Modern campus-based university on a 81 hectare site Consistently within the top 10 UK universities in national league tables Research-driven, with high quality teaching and a small, friendly campus Three Faculties: Engineering & Design Science Humanities & Social Science & School of Management Department of Chemical Engineering (9 West)

5. INTHEAT KICK-OFF MEETING 17 DECEMBER 2010 Work Package TitleMonths (Bath) WP1Analysis of intensified heat transfer under fouling* 14 WP2Combined tube-side & shell-side heat exchanger enhancement 1 WP3Heat exchangers made of plastic material0 WP4Design, retrofit and control of intensified heat recovery networks 9 WP5Putting into practice4 WP6Technology transfer4 WP7Project management0 INTHEAT WORKPLAN TABLES * Lead: Bath

6. INTHEAT KICK-OFF MEETING 17 DECEMBER 2010 Overall objective:Enhancing our understanding of heat exchange under fouling ▪To develop an advanced CFD tool to improve the heat exchanger performance by adjusting both operating conditions and equipment geometry ▪To gain in-depth understanding of fouling mechanisms and kinetics of fouling through experiments Task 1.1: Experimental fouling investigation Task 1.2: CFD research on heat transfer Task 1.3: Testing of possible anti-fouling additives Deliverable D1.1:Report on technical review of fouling and its impact on heat transfer (Month 3) Deliverable D1.2:Report on experimental fouling investigation and CFD research on heat transfer enhancement (Month 12) ParticipantShort namePerson-months 1PIL1.5 2CALGAVIN4 3SODRU2.5 4MAKATEC 5OIKOS 6UNIMAN3 7UNIBATH14 8UPB2 9UNIPAN6 10EMBAFFLE Total33 INTHEAT WORK PACKAGE 1

7. INTHEAT KICK-OFF MEETING 17 DECEMBER 2010 FOULING CAN BE VERY COMPLEX AND EXPENSIVE

8. INTHEAT KICK-OFF MEETING 17 DECEMBER 2010 Up to 30 bar Up to 300 o C bulk Up to 400 o C surface Up to 120 kW/m 2 flux EXPERIMENTAL FACILITY

9. INTHEAT KICK-OFF MEETING 17 DECEMBER 2010 TYPICAL FOULING CURVE (CRUDE B, ≈ 6 WT% ASPHALTENE) Stirred cell conditions: 500 W & 200 rpm (T so ≈ 375 o C; Reynolds Number = 12700) For comparison: BP Rotterdam; Downey et al., 1992 Initial fouling rate = 3.5 E-07 m 2 K kJ -1 ;T so = 260 o C; Re = 30,000

10. INTHEAT KICK-OFF MEETING 17 DECEMBER 2010 ARRHENIUS PLOT FOR PETRONAS B (@ 200 RPM) ln (dR f / dt) = A – E/RT 1000/T (K)

11. INTHEAT KICK-OFF MEETING 17 DECEMBER 2010 EFFECT OF SURFACE SHEAR STRESS ON FOULING RATE (CRUDE A) Shear stresses are obtained by CFD simulation for different stirring speeds Increasing the wall shear stress decreases the rate of fouling for any given surface temperature. Negative fouling with existing deposits can occur for low surface temperatures and high surface shear stresses; this means fouling deposit being removed by surface shear stress.

12. INTHEAT KICK-OFF MEETING 17 DECEMBER 2010 PETRONAS B: 2D CFD SIMULATION FLOW & TEMPERATURE FIELDS 200 rpm, 500W, 106 kW/m 2 Streamlines are shown in both gas and oil phases

13. INTHEAT KICK-OFF MEETING 17 DECEMBER 2010 SIMULATION FOR ACTUAL 3-D GEOMETRY Petronas B, 500W, average heat flux: 106 kW m -2, 200 rpm Velocity fieldTemperature field

14. INTHEAT KICK-OFF MEETING 17 DECEMBER 2010 Velocity field Z (flow direction) 0 0.013 Tube (19mm ID) with medium density inserts (hiTRAN) Linear flow rate: 1m/s, bulk temperature: 423K Vertical slice CFD SIMULATION FOR FLUID FLOW IN TUBE WITH INSERTS

15. INTHEAT KICK-OFF MEETING 17 DECEMBER 2010 WALL SHEAR STRESS DISTRIBUTION Shear stress data are obtained from the velocity gradient and the turbulent viscosity by CFD simulation Z position begins at just behind the loop edge, ends at the same position of the next loop

16. INTHEAT KICK-OFF MEETING 17 DECEMBER 2010 PARTICLE SEDIMENT TEST AT CAL GAVIN Sediments seem to form behind the loop where the shear stress is a minimum

17. INTHEAT KICK-OFF MEETING 17 DECEMBER 2010 EQUIVALENT VELOCITY CONCEPT FOR ENHANCED SURFACES ■: Velocity; ¤: Shear stress Obtain equivalent bare tube velocity by matching surface shear stress of enhanced surface with that of a bare tube Example: hiTRAN medium density insert

18. INTHEAT KICK-OFF MEETING 17 DECEMBER 2010 APPLICATION OF THE MODEL DEVELOPED FOR FOULING IN BARE TUBE TO TUBE WITH INSERTS ▪Modified Yeap’s model – replace the velocity in the fouling suppression term with wall shear stress. This model is capable of modelling the effect of velocity more accurately including the velocity maximum behaviour seen for Maya crude ▪Using equivalent linear velocity in the fouling growth term: ▪Adopting the concept of equivalent linear velocity would allow the fouling data obtained from experiments with bare tubes to be used for prediction of the fouling in tubes with inserts.

19. INTHEAT KICK-OFF MEETING 17 DECEMBER 2010 MODEL APPLICATION Experimental data using Maya crude oil in both a bare tube and a tube fitted with medium density hiTRAN insert (Crittenden et al. 2009). Activation energy E = 50.2 kJ/mol by curve fitting

20. INTHEAT KICK-OFF MEETING 17 DECEMBER 2010 THRESHOLD CONDITIONS For a bare tube and tube fitted with an insert Experimental data using Maya crude in bare tube and tube fitted with medium density insert (Don Phillips 1999).

21. INTHEAT KICK-OFF MEETING 17 DECEMBER 2010 COMPENSATION PLOT FOR ALL CRUDE OIL FOULING □: New points added – Crude A Whether the effect is “true” or “false” is not known at present but is probably “false”. Crittenden B D, Kolaczkowski S T, Takemoto T and Phillips D Z, Crude oil fouling in a pilot-scale parallel tube apparatus, J Heat Transfer Eng, 30: 777-785, (2009)

22. INTHEAT KICK-OFF MEETING 17 DECEMBER 2010 ISSUES RELATING TO APPARENT ACTIVATION ENERGY Apparent activation energies increase with increasing wall shear stress (ie with velocity & Re). Phenomenon has been observed before for reaction and crude oil fouling systems: Crittenden B D, Hout S A, Alderman N J, Model experiments of chemical reaction fouling, TransIChemE 65A: 165-170, (1987). Crittenden B D, Kolaczkowski S T, Takemoto T and Phillips D Z, Crude oil fouling in a parallel tube apparatus, J Heat Transfer Eng 30: 777-785, (2009). Bennett C A, Kistler R S, Nangia K, Al-Ghawas W, Al-Hajji N and Al-Jemaz A, Observation of an isokinetic temperature and compensation effect for high temperature crude oil fouling, J Heat Transfer Eng 30: 794-804, (2009). Young A, Venditti S, Berrueco C, Yang M, Waters A, Davies H, Hill S, Millan M and Crittenden B D, Characterisation of crude oils and their fouling deposits, J Heat Transfer Eng (in press, 2011). Apparent activation energies increase also with fouling threshold temperatures. Threshold fouling models must use apparent activation energies; if actual activation energies are used then they must be modified using shear stress (or velocity or Re) such as Ebert & Panchal. This begs the question: how can the actual activation energy be determined for use in the Ebert & Panchal, Epstein, and Yeap models?

23. INTHEAT KICK-OFF MEETING 17 DECEMBER 2010 CONCLUSION Batch stirred cell can be used to provide crude oil experimental data under various conditions of bulk temperature, surface temperature and surface shear stresses. Threshold conditions can be obtained. Chemicals can be added but long-term non- fouling experiments are not desirable. Within limits, the cell can be used with enhanced surfaces. 3-D CFD modelling allows predictive study of geometric changes including the use of enhanced surfaces. Using the concept of equivalent velocity, a model that has been validated for a bare tube can then be applied to a tube with enhanced surfaces. Moreover, the fouling threshold conditions can be predicted. Temperature and heat flux distributions can also be simulated by CFD. Enhanced external surfaces need to be studied in much the same way. Some experimental validation would, in principle, be possible by adding a simple enhancement to the heat transfer surface of the batch stirred cell.

24. INTHEAT KICK-OFF MEETING 17 DECEMBER 2010 QUESTIONS?