1. The Amazingly Fantastic BZ Oscillating Soup And its Connections to Life, the Universe and More

2. Boris Belousov 1893-1970 Discovered and investigated the reaction ~ 1952 Had difficulty in publication

3. Anatol Zhabotinsky 1938-2008 Investigated the reaction further 1960’s

4. Now called The Belousov – Zhabotinski Oscillating Reaction or B-Z

5. B-Z Components Sulfuric Acid Potassium Bromate Cerium (IV) Sulfate (catalyst) Malonic Acid Ferroin (indicator and catalyst)

6. B-Z Oscillations B-Z Oscillations Watch 1 st 35 seconds

7. B-Z mechanism 1969 Five basic steps, each thermodynamically possible, explained how B-Z reaction worked.

8. B-Z Oscillations Necessary Conditions: Non-linear reactions Positive Feedback Negative Feedback Time delay between reactions

9. B-Z Connections The Bray-Liebhafsky Oscillating Reaction 1918 Acid, potassium iodate, hydrogen peroxide

10. B-Z Connections The Briggs-Rauscher Oscillating Reaction 1972 Acid, malonic acid, catalyst, potassium iodate, hydrogen peroxide

11. B-Z Connections Many more chemical oscillators in CSTRs (Continuously Stirred Tank Reactors)

12. Flow reactor

13. B-Z Connections Hundreds more oscillators discovered

14. B-Z Connections Mathematical Techniques COmplex PAthway SImulator COPASI Uses differential equations

15. Differential equations Rate is proportional to concentrations to some power dx/dt = -k x m y n Computer can calculate x and y at any time

16. B-Z Applications Chemical Control of Rhythms

17. B-Z Connections Biological Oscillators

18. Biological Rhythms Time Scale Biological RhythmsTime Scale Neural rhythms0.001 s to 10 s Ovarian cycle28 days (human) Cardiac rhythm1 s Annual rhythms1 year Calcium oscillations Seconds to minutes Biochemical oscillations 30 s to 20 min Rhythms in ecology and epidemiology years Mitotic oscillator 10 min to 24 h Hormonal rhythms 10 min to 3 – 5 h (24 h)

20. Circadian Rhythms Chemical Control of Rhythms

21. B-Z Target Waves

22. Tidal Map

23. B-Z Connections Structure from Homogeneity Ilya Prigogine received Nobel Prize in 1977 for work on irreversible thermodynamics (far from equilibrium)

24. Far from equilibrium, energy may be converted into structure. Implications for development of patterns and for development of life on Earth

25. B-Z Applications Slime mold patterns

26. Slime Mold

28. Slime Mold growing in Petri dish Slugs form, ~ 25 seconds Stalks form, ~ 35 seconds

30. BZ target waves B-Z spiral waves B-Z spiral waves Watch what happens to waves when cut at 11 and 13 seconds; (spiral waves form)

32. B-Z Connections Geology

33. B-Z Connections Geology

34. B-Z Connections Structure from Homogeneity Turing Patterns

35. Alan Turing, British mathematician 1912-1954

36. Alan Turing, best known for breaking the German enigma code in WWII. Also envisioned computers that could have code in memory and be programmed for many tasks Known as Father of Artificial Intelligence

37. Turing Patterns “The Chemical Basis for Morphogenesis” Developed a theory of combined reaction – diffusion which predicted oscillatory chemical reactions and pattern formation (1952). Patterns now called Turing patterns. First realized experimentally in 1990s

38. B-Z Connections Structure from Homogeneity Turing Patterns

39. B-Z Connections Structure from Homogeneity Turing Patterns

40. B-Z Connections Structure from Homogeneity Turing Patterns

41. Not only visual patterns, but also morphogenesis the development of body shapes and limbs. Caused by diffusional waves of molecules across developing stem cells

42. 2014: Confirmation of Turing’s theory Using microdroplets of the B-Z reaction dispersed in oil; representing individual cells

43. Structure from Homogeneity Turing Patterns

44. B-Z Connections Coupled Oscillators

45. B-Z Connections Coupled Oscillators Human organs

46. Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) Master clock

47. B-Z Connections Excitable media Nerve transmission Heart rhythms

48. B-Z Connections Spiral waves Scroll waves Heart rhythms

49. Scroll waves

50. B-Z Target Waves

52. Heart Arrhythmias Heart Arrhythmias scroll down to Figures 13, 14, 15, 16

53. Heart Rhythms Heart Rhythms choose from : ”Select a condition” below beating heart

54. B-Z Connections Weather Orbital Diagram

55. B-Z Connections Route to Chaos Orbital Diagram

57. B-Z Connections Cosmology?

58. Spiral galaxy

60. That's All, Folks

62. B-Z Connections Coupled Oscillators

63. B-Z Connections Coupled Oscillators

64. B-Z Core reactions Process A2 5Br - + BrO 3 - + 6H + → Br 2 + H 2 O A1 3(Br 2 + CH 2 (COOH) 2 → BrCH 2 (COOH) 2 + Br - + H + ) A2 Net Process A1 +Process A2 2Br - + BrO 3 - + 3CH 2 (COOH) 2 + 3H + → 3 BrCH 2 (COOH) 2 + 3H 2 O

65. B-Z Core reactions Process B HBrO 2 + BrO 3 - + H + → 2BrO 2. + H 2 O 2(BrO 2. + Ce(III) + H + → Ce(IV) + HBrO 2 ) HBrO 2 + BrO 3 - + 2Ce(III) + 3H + → 2Ce(IV) + 2HBrO 2 + H 2 O HBrO 2 + HBrO 2 → HOBr + H + + BrO 3 -

66. B-Z Core reactions Net Process B BrO 3 - + 4Ce(III) + 5H + → 4Ce(IV) + 2HOBr + 2H 2 O

67. B-Z Core reactions Net (unbalanced) Process C BrCH 2 (COOH) 2 + BrO 3 - + Ce(IV) + HOBr → Ce(III) + Br - + H 2 O + CO 2

68. B-Z Core reactions A bromate + bromide + MA → BrMA B bromate + Ce(III) → HOBr + Ce(IV) C Ce(IV) + BrMA → Br - + Ce(III) + CO 2