1. Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

2. ATP Adenosine Triphosphate Main energy source for animal cells Energy is stored in the bonds between phosphate atoms Give off LOTS of energy when broken! Give off LOTS of energy when broken!

3. ATP ATP is made from ADP A new phosphate gets added to ADP to make ATP A new phosphate gets added to ADP to make ATP Enzymes catalyze these reactions Enzymes catalyze these reactions ATPase: breaks down ATP ATP synthase: makes ATP from ADP The ATP and ADP molecules get reused over and over again BUT energy does NOT get reused. The ATP and ADP molecules get reused over and over again BUT energy does NOT get reused.

4. Cell Respiration Energy stored in glucose is released through a process called Cell Respiration. This occurs in all living organisms. Two types of Cell Respiration: Aerobic – requires O 2 Aerobic – requires O 2 Anaerobic – Does not require O 2 Anaerobic – Does not require O 2

5. Cellular Respiration The process of transferring the energy in carbohydrates into a useable form of energy for the cell (ATP) Occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of Autotrophs and Heterotrophs C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + ATP + Heat

6. Cellular Respiration Three phases Glycolysis GlycolysisAnaerobic Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)Aerobic Electron Transport Chain Electron Transport ChainAerobic

7. Phase I: Glycolysis Anaerobic: does NOT require O2 Occurs in the cytoplasm Series of chemical reactions that break down one glucose into two sugar molecules Produces 4 ATP molecules But it takes 2 to get the reaction started for a net production of TWO ATP! But it takes 2 to get the reaction started for a net production of TWO ATP!

8. Phase II: Citric Acid Cycle Also known as Krebs Cycle Aerobic: requires O 2 Occurs in the mitochondria Glucose is broken down even further Products: 2 ATP and CO 2

9. Phase III: Electron Transport Chain Aerobic: requires O 2 Occurs in mitochondria inner membrane Electrons from CAC pass thru a chain of proteins Products: 32 ATP and H 2 O

10. Fermentation After glycolysis, if no O 2 then fermentation occurs Fermentation is an ANAEROBIC process! Fermentation is an ANAEROBIC process! Allows cell to continue using glycolysis to generate ATP Allows cell to continue using glycolysis to generate ATP 2 kinds of Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation

11. Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation In animals and some bacteria In animals and some bacteria Results in the production of lactic acid Results in the production of lactic acid If too much builds up, can result in muscle soreness If too much builds up, can result in muscle soreness Alcoholic Fermentation Yeasts, plants Yeasts, plants Used in bread and alcohol manufacturing Used in bread and alcohol manufacturing

12. Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation Bacteria in a closed container of milk are in an anaerobic environment so they use fermentation to make ATP and the lactic acid produced curdles the milk. This is what produces cheese, yogurt, sour cream, and cottage cheese. Bacteria in a closed container of milk are in an anaerobic environment so they use fermentation to make ATP and the lactic acid produced curdles the milk. This is what produces cheese, yogurt, sour cream, and cottage cheese. Alcoholic Fermentation Yeasts in bread dough are also in anaerobic environment. CO2 gas is produced as a by product and is what makes dough rise. Alcohol evaporates out of bread during baking. Yeasts in bread dough are also in anaerobic environment. CO2 gas is produced as a by product and is what makes dough rise. Alcohol evaporates out of bread during baking.

13. 32 ATP

14. Energy Summary (number of ATP molecules formed in each step of respiration) Glycolysis 2 ATP Kreb’s cycle 2 ATP Electron Transport 32 ATP Total: Aerobic Respiration 36 ATP Glycolysis 2 ATP Fermentation 0 ATP Total: Anaerobic Respiration 2 ATP

15. Photosynthesis Meaning “making with light” Photosynthesis is the process of converting the sun’s light energy into stored carbohydrates (glucose) Takes place in in the chloroplasts of autotrophs The green pigment chlorophyll is required for photosynthesis CO 2 + H 2 0 + Light  C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2

16. Chemical Reactions Two phases Light Dependent Reactions Light Dependent Reactions Turns light energy into ATP Light Independent Reactions Light Independent Reactions Conversion of CO2 into Glucose

17. Light Dependent Reactions Light energy transfers to electrons in chlorophyll Excited electrons pass through a chain of proteins electrons loose energy at each step, creating ATP electrons loose energy at each step, creating ATP H20 is split to replace electrons Gives off O2 Gives off O2

18. Light Independent Reactions Also known as the Calvin Cycle DON’T CONFUSE WITH KREBS CYCLE!!! DON’T CONFUSE WITH KREBS CYCLE!!! Series of reactions that use ATP to convert CO2 into Glucose LOTS of enzymes used That Mrs. Ball is nice enough to NOT make you know! That Mrs. Ball is nice enough to NOT make you know!