1. Climax Vegetation
There are 6 main characteristics of climax vegetation:
It is the final stage in vegetation succession
It is the ultimate vegetation for that environment
It usually depends upon the climate
The vegetation cannot improve any more
It has the tallest and most variety of species
It has the greatest number of biomass possible

2. Sea Rocket, Sea Couch, Lyme Grass
Vegetation Succession on Sand Dunes
Seaweed is deposited at the strandline.
Seaweed catches sand, and slows wind down. This allows an embryo dune to form
Pioneer plants start to grown on the embryo dune
These plants must be able to survive with: No Fresh Water
Few Nutrients
Strong Winds
Salt
The pioneer plants slow wind down and catch a lot of sand, allowing a yellow dune (foredune) to form.
Pioneer Plants
Sea Rocket, Sea Couch, Lyme Grass

3. More plants are now able to grow on the yellow dune (foredune), but these plants must have long roots to reach the low water table.
Marram grass can improve the conditions by:
1) Weathering the sand
2) Releasing nutrients
3) Adds humus when it decays
4) Humus retains water
Marram Grass
Water Table

4. Because conditions have been improved so much, more superior plants can take over.
These plants improve conditions in the same way by:
1) Weathering the sand
2) Releasing nutrients
3) Adds humus when it decays
4) Humus retains water
This again improves condition further, and the soil becomes more STABLE, FERTILE
and MOIST.
Again, more superior plants take over, before, finally climax vegetation

5. Atmosphere Global Heat Budget Atmospheric Circulation
Oceanic Circulation
The ITCZ
Climate Change

7. Biosphere Podzol Soils Brown Earth Soils
Vegetation Succession on Sand Dunes
Gley Soils