1. A Small Dose of ToxicologyAntioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Precaution The Precautionary Principle, Ethics, and Society Antioch - Environmental Science September 10, 2005 Steven G. Gilbert, PhD, DABT www.asmalldoseof.org LINKLINK

2. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology See: www.asmalldoseof.org -- smdosesmdose

3. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology NW Public Health See: http://healthlinks.washington.edu/nwcphp/nph/ nwph Public Health and the Precautionary Principle By Steven G. Gilbert

4. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Doubt / Uncertainty "Doubt is our product since it is the best means of competing with the 'body of fact' that exists in the mind of the general public.“ 1969 an executive at Brown & Williamson owned by R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (Doubt Is Their Product by David Michaels in Scientific American, June 15, 2005)

5. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Precautionary Principle "The Precautionary Principle": An ethical paradigm to protect human health and environmental health under conditions of uncertainty (but we know a lot).

6. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Current Bioethical Issues  Check the local news paper  Stem cells (state, national, international)  Genetically Engineered Organisms  Knowing your genes  In vetro fertilization – choosing your child's genes and characteristics  Global warming  Nanotechnology  Environmental health  Chemicals exposures – human health

7. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Child Health

8. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology “Conditions that ensure that all living things have the best opportunity to reach and maintain their full genetic potential.” S. Gilbert (1999) Environmental & Human Health

9. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Socially responsible white guys?

10. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Socially Responsibility What is social responsibility? What are our responsibilities to society?

11. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology "A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise." - Aldo Leopold, 1949, A Sand County Almanac The First Bioethicist ---------- 1887 - 1948 ---------- Aldo Leopold

12. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology “An ethic, ecologically, is a limitation on freedom of action in the struggle for existence” Aldo Leopold Limits on Freedom

13. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology “The Commons” The Tragedy of the Commons By Garrett Hardin, Science, 1968

14. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Technical Solutions “It is our considered professional judgment that this dilemma has no technical solution.” The Tragedy of the Commons By Garrett Hardin, Science, 1968

15. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Problems – Solutions?  Lead and kids  Fetal alcohol syndrome  Nuclear disarmament  Bioterrorism  Ocean Fisheries  Persistent chemicals  The Commons

16. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Lessons Learned  Thalidomide  Methylmercury  Lead  Ethanol (Alcohol)  PBDEs

17. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Thalidomide  Introduced in 1956 as sedative (sleeping pill) and to reduce nausea and vomiting during pregnancy  Withdrawn in 1961  Discovered to be a human teratogen causing absence of limbs or limb malformations in newborns  5000 to 7000 infants effected  Resulted in new drug testing rules

18. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Fetal Effects of MeHg

19. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology The Mercury Cycle

20. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Limit the amount of canned tuna you eat, based on your bodyweight. Guidelines are: Women of childbearing age should limit the amount of canned tuna they eat to about one can per week (six ounces.) A woman who weighs less than 135 pounds should eat less than one can of tuna per week. Children under six should eat less than one half a can of tuna (three ounces) per week. Specific weekly limits for children under six range from one ounce for a twenty pound child, to three ounces for a child weighing about sixty pounds. WA State Advisory http://www.doh.wa.gov/fish/FishAdvMercury.htm

21. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Lead In Homes

22. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Agency Blood Lead Levels

23. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology FAS Child

24. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology FAS & FAE Most common preventable cause of adverse CNS development Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) 4,000-12,000 infants per year in US Fetal Alcohol Effect (FAE) 7,000-36,000 infants per year in US 1 to 3 infants per 1,000 world wide??

25. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology 1981 - U.S. Surgeon General first advised that women should not drink alcoholic beverages during pregnancy. 1988 - U.S. requires warning labels on all alcoholic beverages sold in the United States. 1990 - U.S. Dietary Guidelines state that women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant should not drink alcohol. 1998 - 19 states require the posting of alcohol health warning signs where alcoholic beverages are sold Policy Approaches

26. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Structure of PBDEs X & Y are number of Bromine atoms Common Penta, Octa, and Deca PolyBrominated Diphenyl Ether O Br x Br y

27. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology PBDEs in House Dust (ppb) From EWG - Toxic Fire Retardants Contaminate American Homes - http://www.ewg.org/reports/inthedust/summary.php

28. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology PBDEs in Breast Milk (ppb) From EWG - Toxic Fire Retardants in Breast Milk from American Mothers - http://www.ewg.org/reports/mothersmilk/es.php

29. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Developmental Data 2863 above 1 Million pounds 78.2% no data 21.4% some data 12 or 0.4% good data www.preventingharm.org

30. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology  Nearly 12 million children (17%) under age 18 in the US suffer from one or more developmental disabilities  Learning disabilities – 5-10% of kids in public school  ADHD – 3-6% of all school kids, maybe higher The Consequences

31. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology The challenge To develop an individual and societal ethical framework for decision making that supports the long term maintenance of a globally sustainable ecology Genomic and Ecological Bioethics

32. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology The challenge “the knowledge of how to use knowledge for the social good” Knowledgeable Bioethics

33. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology “When an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment, precautionary measures should be take even if some cause and effect relationships are not fully established scientifically.” Wingspread Conference, 1998. Precautionary Principle

34. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology  FDA regulations of Drugs (1938)  FDA regulations of Dietary Supplements (Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA))  Ephedra present an unreasonable risk of illness or injury (Dec, 2003) Safety & Efficacy vs Harm

35. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Taking preventive action in the face of uncertainty Shifting the burden of proof/responsibility to the proponents of an activity Exploring a wide range of alternatives to possibly harmful actions Increasing public participation in decision making (environmental justice) Wingspread Conference, 1998. Central components

36. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology  Improve decision making  Promote integrated assessments  Promote transparency  Promote sharing of information  Examine alternatives  Examine uncertainties  Encourage discussion among stake holders Purpose/Objectives

37. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology City Comprehensive Plans Every citizen of Seattle has an equal right to a healthy and safe environment. Seattle sees the Precautionary Principle approach as its policy framework to develop laws for a healthier and more just Seattle. Seattle PP working group Seattle Initiative

38. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Seattle Precautionary Principle White Paper (www.asmalldoseof.org) Inclusion of PP in Comp Plan Environment Element (http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/Planning/Seattle's_Compr ehensive_Plan/DPD_001178.asp) LinkLink Result of Effort

39. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology “Protecting Public Health by Adopting the Precautionary Principle as an Approach to Decision Making” Resolution Submitted to Washington State Public Health Association WSPHA Resolution

40. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology  California San Francisco Precautionary Purchasing Ordinance - June 2005 Resolution of the Marin county board of supervisors “A resolution to continue to incorporate the precautionary principle in county operations.” Oct 2004  Oregon Multnomah County, OR Resolution - September 2004  New York State Legislation - April 2005  Bill A07256 “To protect public health and the environment by establishing a precautionary policy for state and local governments in New York State.”  Bill A07257 “To establish a preference for the purchase of commodities, services, and technologies by the State of New York that minimize potential adverse impacts on public health and the environment.” States in the US

41. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Agreement Respecting Canada-wide Standards for Dioxins and Furans: Steel Manufacturing Electric Arc Furnaces Pollution Prevention Strategy “In keeping with the Precautionary Principle as set out as guidance in the Canada-wide Standards Sub-agreement, and in consideration of the CWS principles of sound science, technical feasibility and socio-economic impacts, …..” http://www.ec.gc.ca/CEPARegistry/notices/NoticeText.cfm?intNotice=159&intDocument=939 Canada and PP

42. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology REACH -- Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals  The two most important aims are to improve protection of human health and the environment from the hazards of chemicals and enhance the competitiveness of the EU chemicals industry.  The Commission’s White Paper on the Strategy for a future Chemicals Policy was adopted in on 13 February 2001.  A Precautionary approach REACH-European Union

43. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology REACH -- Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals  Initially regulate High Production Volume (HPV) chemicals - produced or imported above 1,000 metric tons.  Total world wide production of chemicals 400 million metric tons per year or $1.6 Trillion  To be introduced into European Parliament late this year. REACH

44. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Children have a right to a safe, fair and healthy environment Ethical Responsibility to share and use of knowledge Duty to promote health and well being of children Thoughtful public health advocate Knowledge - Responsibility

45. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology The Potential of Children

46. A Small Dose of ToxicologyAntioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 Additional Information  The Science and Environmental Health Network (SEHN) (www.sehn.org)  Late lessons from early warnings: the precautionary principle 1896-2000 – European Environment Agency (free)  Garrett Hardin - The Tragedy of the Commons (Science, 1968)  Ethics and Environmental Health – Mini Monograph - Environmental Health Perspectives (November 2003)  Ethical, legal, and social issues: our children's future. Steven G. Gilbert. Neurotoxicology, 26/4 pp 521-530, 2005.  Public Health and the Precautionary Principle. Steven G. Gilbert. NW Public Health, Spring 2005. http://healthlinks.washington.edu/nwcphp/nph/

47. A Small Dose of ToxicologyAntioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 Ethics and the Precautionary Principle Questions or Comments? Download Presentation from www.asmalldoseof.org

48. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Authorship Information For Additional Information Contact Steven G. Gilbert, PhD, DABT E-mail: smdose@asmalldoseof.org Web: www.asmalldoseof.org This presentation is supplement to “A Small Dose of Toxicology”

49. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Socially Responsible

50. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Scientific Process Variability Uncertainty

51. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Statistical Model Fundamental Types of Uncertainty

52. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Easiest to examine & reduce Not knowing the exact value of a variable (inter and intra subject variance) Sample size Statistical Uncertainty Reducing Variability

53. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Not fully understanding the relations between variables (mechanism of action) Which variables are most important (high dose vs low dose) Model or System Uncertainty

54. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Not knowing the right questions to ask Most sensitive end point “we don’t know what we don’t know” Fundamental Uncertainty

55. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Dose Response Issues Higher metabolic rate Different nutritional requirements Rapidly dividing & migrating cells Immature organs Susceptibility of Children

56. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology "Biology combined with diverse humanistic knowledge forging a science that sets a system of medical and environmental priorities for acceptable survival.“ Global Bioethics (1988) Bioethics -------- 1911 - 2001 -------- Van Rensselaer Potter

57. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Fetal Alcohol Effect (FAE) Milder form of FAS 7,000-36,000 infants per year in US 1 to 3 infants per 1,000 world wide?? Characteristics Growth deficiency Learning dysfunction Nervous systems disabilities

58. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology WHO Vision for Child Health A World Fit for Children Promoting healthy lives Providing quality education Protecting against abuse, exploitation and violence Combating HIV/AIDS. http://www.unicef.org/why/why_worldgoals.html

59. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology CDC Vision for Child Health “Environmental Health at CDC strives to promote health and quality of life by preventing or controlling those diseases or deaths that result from interactions between people and their environment.” http://www.cdc.gov/node.do?id=0900f3ec8000e044

60. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Vision of Child Health Knowledge of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Policy Approach within an ethical framework Social responsibilities No technical solutions Restriction of freedoms Precautionary Principle Convergence of Issues

61. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology American Academy of Pediatrics Mission and vision To attain optimal physical, mental and social health and well-being for all infants, children, adolescents and young adults. http://www.aap.org/member/memcore.htm

62. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology American Academy of Pediatrics The APA goes on to state: “To this purpose, the AAP and its members dedicate their efforts and resources. The vision: 1) to advocate for infants, children, adolescents, and young adults and provide for their care; 2) to collaborate with others to assure child health; and …. http://www.aap.org/member/memcore.htm

63. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology “Children can develop and mature in an environment that allows them to reach and maintain their full potential.” Vision for Child Health

64. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology "All scientific work is incomplete - whether it be observational or experimental. All scientific work is liable to be upset or modified by advancing knowledge. That does not confer upon us a freedom to ignore the knowledge we already have or postpone the action that it appears to demand at a given time. " Sir Austin Bradford Hill (1965) Sir Austin Bradford Hill

65. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology 1.Strength of association 2.Consistency of findings 3.Biological gradient 4.Temporal sequence 5.Biologic or theoretical plausibility 6.Coherence with established knowledge 7.Specificity of association Sir Austin Bradford Hill (1965) Determining Causation

66. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology The citizen toxicologist is a thoughtful advocate for human and environmental health, who strives to share their scientific knowledge with the public, speaking to public interests rather than private or special interests. Citizen Toxicologist Socially Responsible Toxicologist

67. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Testifying Writing review papers K-12 class room teaching Adding expertise to community groups Education Mentoring Speakers Bureau Socially Responsible Actions

68. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology Forum in which to discuss the ethical implications of results from our science as well as the resulting legal and social implications. 2005 SOT meeting – workshop on Conflict of Interest SOT - ELSI Specialty Section http://www.toxicology.org/memberservices/specsection/specsection.html

69. Antioch & Prec Prin 09/10/05 A Small Dose of Toxicology 1) Respect - for the needs and rights of this and future generations as well as others who cannot speak for themselves 2) Humility - towards the natural world and our ability to understand it through science 3) Democracy - giving people a voice in matters that affect their lives 4) Responsibility - government’s public trust responsibility to manage the commonwealth for this and future generations. - Individuals’ including industry, obligation to take responsibility for their actions in the world. Values of the precautionary principle