1. Lab 2C Primer I/O in Java Sockets Threads More Java Stuffs

2. Server Flow 1. Start the server with a port if specified (if not, start the server with a default port of 7000) 2. Create a Polling Socket 3. Start the server running “forever” and wait for a client to connect 4. Open I/O to client 5. When connected, send a message to allow client to know they are connected 6. Accept a request from the client 7. Respond to the client’s request 8. Client port and I/O are closed * Servers run forever

3. Input/Output in Java In Java, there are 2 types of major I/O streams classes we are looking at – Reader/Writer: ASCII text – Streams: binary For our assignments, we could either read binary strings and convert them to ASCII or we could simply use the provided writer classes We will use buffered connections for efficiency and coding elegance – Buffers allow packets to be sent when a buffer is filled, not on a byte- by-byte basis – Buffers allow us to send an object to a I/O stream instead of a bit

4. I/O Classes of Interest InputStreamReader – Takes an input stream from an I/O port and interprets it as ASCII OutputStreamReader – Sends an output stream to an I/O port as ASCII BufferedReader – Takes in InputStream and adds useful methods and a buffer to the stream PrintWriter – Takes an OutputStream and adds useful methods and an output buffer to the stream

5. Sockets in Java Socket support is provided through: java.net.* – import java.net.* We have 2 types of sockets we are interested in: – ServerSocket class – Socket class (client sockets)

6. ServerSocket ServerSockets are the sockets used to poll a specific port for incoming connections Steps to using a ServerSocket 1. Create a new ServerSocket object ServerSocket ss = new ServerSocket(port); 2. Wait until a connection has been received This requires blocking statement until a connection is received 3. Upon receiving a connection request, a new socket must be opened Socket client = ss.accept();

7. Socket I/O Provided by the methods Socket.getInputStream() and Socket.getOutputStream() Can be used in conjunction with any other stream sub-class – E.g. PrintWriter and BufferedReader

8. Example Code for Socket I/O BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(client.getInputStream())); PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(client.getOutputStream()), true); This could also be accomplished in 2 steps each; e.x.: InputStreamReader temp = new InputStreamReader(client.getInputStream())); BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(temp);

9. Using Socket I/O Once BufferedReader and PrintWriter objects are created, they are used with the following methods: –.readLine(); –.println(String);

10. Full Example of Streams BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(client.getInputStream())); PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(client.getOutputStream()), true); in.readLine(); out.println(“Hello”); in.close(); out.close(); client.close();

11. Parsing Arguments from the Command Prompt Arguments from the prompt are passed into your main method through the string array args args[] is an array of space separated Strings – Strings are stored in the array from the leftmost argument to the rightmost – Since each element of args is type String, you can’t directly pass that value into your server for use – Java has built in functions for converting data types To convert from String to Int, the method to use is: Integer.parseInt(String)

12. String Parsing Can’t test for String equality with if (string == “hello”) Methods provided by Java to do String comparisons – String.equals(String)  case sensitive – String.equalsIgnoreCase(String)  case insensitive

13. Try/Catch Statements Exceptions are a java element used for troubleshooting and catching conditions that could “break” a program – e.x.: null-pointer exceptions, passing the wrong data type, etc. Useful around any code block with I/O, as that’s where mistakes can be made – The Java compiler enforces try/catch blocks in newer versions by default

14. Try/Catch Statements Idea is: first you try to execute some code – If it fails you get an exception instead of the program crashing Code in the catch block allows you to keep running the program, but deal with the error – If it works you simply exit the try portion and continue executing the program

15. Try/Catch Example BufferedReader keyIn = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in)); int string; try { string = keyIn.readLine(); System.out.print(string); } catch (Exception e) { System.out.print(“That wasn’t in Integer!”); }

16. Exception Types Different classes and methods throw different exception types – e.x.: PrintWriter(String, String) throws FileNotFoundException and UnsupportedEncodingException Can catch specific exceptions and execute different code based on them Can catch all exceptions simply with “catch (Exception e)”

17. Using Exceptions in Lab 2 You can use exceptions to parse the argument entered for the port You should wrap your server’s executable code itself either in a single or series of try statements to ensure it won’t crash – If it does, you should catch the exception and alert the system that the server crashed

18. Other Useful Classes Classes that have date objects – java.util.Calendar – java.util.Date (partially depreciated) – java.text.simpleDateFormat

19. Hints You can either try parsing the first argument of args in main and passing in a port by hand into the server object; OR You can use 2 constructors for both cases (argument passed in and no argument) Use the Java API document if you aren’t sure what you need or how to manipulate and object I don’t care if you use depreciated Date types in this assignment

20. Hints Look through the java.net.* and java.io.* packages – Focus on SocketServer, Socket (and.accept()), BufferedReader, and BufferedWriter Look at the simpleDateFormat and Date classes

21. Lab 2 Protocol-Code Structure getHead(): StringBuffer – Easy: Loops through receiving data and appending it into a StringBuffer until the end of the header section is found What must be added to each line? getMethod(): String – This parses the method out of the request. – Easy to do, due to location of method in the Request

22. Lab 2 Protocol-Code Structure getLenth(StringBuffer): int – Why is this needed? – Finds a String representing a number, parses it and returns it getBody(int): StringBuffer – Uses a Integer to specify how many characters to read – Must cast each byte you read() as a (char)

23. getLength() Use String.indexOf(String) to find what you are looking for: String temp = new String(“This is a test String for index”); int i = temp.indexOf(“String”); i = 16 Now you know the start of the header you are looking for, but how do you find the value? – Use a loop and iterate through with temp.charAt(i) until you find the end of the line as a character – Use substring to parse only the section of string you want – Use the same Integer.parseInt used in Assignment 1

24. getLength() //Find “for” int j; String temp = new String(“This is a test String for index”); int i = temp.indexOf(“String”); for(j=i+7;;j++){ if (!(temp.charAt(i)==' ')) j++; else break; } String answer = temp.substring(i+7, j); Why do we need the +7 for the index (i+7)?

25. getBody() StringBuffer temp = new StringBuffer(""); for(i=0;i<length;i++){ temp.append((char)netIn.read()); } Why do we have to cast the input as (char)? Why can’t we use readLine()?

26. Threads We know a processor can only execute one program at a time – One process may run at a time – To run multiple programs (processes), the CPU must run one for a certain amount of time, save the state of the program, load another executing program and so on One program can have multiple modules that need to be execute “at the same time” for different functions. – THREADS!

27. Threads A parent process can spawn children – A child must complete before parent regains control: except it can open more children Like a stack, threads only communicate with their children or parents (sequential) Threads are treated like independent processes – Each thread gets a slice of the processor/resources Warning: when different threads access same resources, must ensure they don’t corrupt data. – Who gets to read/write from/to a file?

28. Threads - Example Outlook Express TCP/IP Stack Routines GUI POP, IMAP Protocol I/O Routines Disk I/O

29. Using Threads in Java There are 2 ways – Implement Interface Runnable() – Extend Class Thread() We will implement Runnable(). Why? – You can only extend a class once in your hierarchy, but can implement as many Interfaces as you want

30. Threading in Java – Running Class public class ThreadTest implements Runnable{ public ThreadTest() { … } Public void run() { … }

31. Threading in Java – Calling Class public void run(){ ServerSocket ss = new ServerSocket(port); ThreadTest client = new ThreadTest(ss.accept()); Thread t = new Thread(client); t.start(); }

32. Java Items for Lab 2 StringBuffer (java.lang.StringBuffer) –.append() takes a string and keeps appending it to the end of the StringBuffer – Useful for appending a sequence of input together – Cast it to a String to do comparisons Socket.get*() – This assignment expects you to be able to get information about your connection. Look over Socket.get () in the API to see what information is available for you to receive. String.startsWith(String) – Used to test if a String begins with a certain sub-string

33. Items for Lab 2 String parsing – All commands should be case-insensitive – Actual input should not be directly type-cast (forced to upper or lower case), or else the message inputted with lose the intended case – String.equals(), String.equalsIgnoreCase() Can use equals() if you type-cast temporary input string to compare and keep original untouched Remember: In HTTP headers are separated from body data with a blank line.