1. Advanced Java Programming CS 537 – Data Structures and Algorithms

2. The Stack The stack is the place where all local variables are stored –a local variable is declared in some scope –Example int x; // creates the variable x on the stack As soon as the scope ends, all local variables declared in that scope end –the variable name and its space are gone –this happens implicitly – the user has no control over it

3. The Heap The heap is an area of memory that the user handles explicitly –user requests memory through new operator –java does garbage collection to reclaim unused memory A user maintains a handle on memory allocated in the heap with a reference variable

4. Creating Objects All objects are created on the heap A reference to object is stored on the stack –simply declaring an object does not create it automatically set to null –new operator allocates space on the heap

5. Creating Objects Example Object obj1 = new Object(); Object obj2; main x = 3 func1 obj1 = 200 obj2 = null 200 Heap Stack Object

6. Assigning Object References Reference can be assigned through new operator obj2 = new Object(); Reference can assigned to another reference obj2 = obj1; WARNING –when assigning to another reference, both references now refer to the same object

7. Assigning Object References Example Object obj1 = new Object(); Object obj2 = obj1; main x = 3 func1 obj1 = 200 obj2 = 200 200 Heap Stack Object

8. Simple Class class Foo implements Cloneable { private int num; public void Foo(int num) { this.num = num; } public void setNum(int num) { this.num = num; } public int getNum() { return num; } }

9. Copying an Object Want to create and modify copy of object –remember, simple assignment not enough Foo f1 = new Foo(5); Foo f2 = f1; // still only one object – 2 references f2.setNum(10); System.out.println(“f1’s num = “ + f1.getNum()); // prints 10 System.out.println(“f2’s num = “ + f2.getNum()); // prints 10 –need to use the clone() method

10. clone() Method To use clone() must implement Cloneable Object.clone() is automatically inherited by every class –by default, it creates a new object and copies all fields Example Foo f1 = new Foo(5); Foo f2 = f1.clone(); f2.setNum(10); System.out.println(“f1’s num = “ + f1.getNum()); // prints 5 System.out.println(“f2’s num = “ + f2.getNum()); // prints 10

11. Shallow Clone Only copies the fields –does not copy what the fields reference Doesn’t work well for sophisticated objects Example: Class Foo { private int [] nums; public void Foo(int size) { nums = new int[size]; } … } Foo f1 = new Foo(5); Foo f2 = f1.clone();

12. Shallow Clone Foo f1 = new Foo(5); Foo f2 = f1.clone(); func1 f1 = 200 f2 = 100 200 Heap Stack nums = 50 50 Array nums = 50 100

13. Deep Clone Copies fields and what they refer to Must reimplement the clone() method class Foo { … public Object clone() { try { Foo fobj = (Foo)super.clone(); // copies fields fobj.nums = (int)nums.clone(); // arrays implement clone return fobj; } catch(CloneNotSupportedException e) { } }

14. Inheritance lets one class inherit fields and methods from another class use keyword extends to explicitly inherit another classes public and protected fields/methods can only explicitly extend from one class all classes implicitly extend the Object class

15. Inheritance overriding a method –must have the same signature as original –declaring a method final means future derived classes cannot override the method overloading a method –method has same name but different signature –they are actually different methods

16. Inheritance abstract classes and methods –declaring a class abstract must have an abstract method class cannot be directly used to create an object class must be inherited to be used –declaring a method abstract method must be defined in derived class

17. Abstract Class abstract class Pixel {... public abstract void refresh(); } class ColorPixel extends Pixel {... public void refresh() { do some work } Note: signature of method in derived class must be identical to parent declaration of the method

18. Interface basically an abstract class where all methods are abstract cannot use an interface to create an object class that uses an interface must implement all of the interfaces methods use the implements keyword a class can implement more than one interface

19. Interface simple example class Tester implements Foo, Bar {... } Foo and Bar are interfaces Tester must define all methods declared in Foo and Bar

20. Array Review Consecutive blocks of memory Creation: int [] grades = new int[25]; __.length: holds size of array __.clone(): makes copy of array data out-of-bounds exception: trying to access data outside of array bounds generates an exception Array size is fixed at creation

21. Vector Class Very similar to an array Major difference: vectors can grow beyond original size –if a certain capacity is exceeded, a new, larger memory region is allocated for vector –copy all data to the new area See Java documentation on-line for complete details