1. Appositives An appositive provides a supplementary explanation of another sentence element. Ali, the salesman, is my friend. Frankfurt, the capitol, is a beautiful city. Ali and Frankfurt are the antecedents of the appositives. Forms of the appositive -usually the appositive and the antecedent are nouns The student, Ahmad, came late. -the appositive and the antecedent may differ in form He discovered a new pastime, skiing. (noun, gerund) You, the customer, should pay less. (pronoun, noun) - it functions as a noun

2. Function of the appositive 1.Dual function (modifier and substantive) - it modifies the antecedent and gives specific information: My car, jeep, is a good car. - it functions as a substantive and can substitute the antecedent: jeep is a good car. Pure modifiers cannot substitute the antecedent noun as in: Ali, nervous, went home. 2. Restrictive appositive the appositive provides necessary information for the proper identification of the noun: My son Ahmad won the prize.

3. 3. Non- Restrictive appositive The appositive adds unnecessary information that set off by commas: My son, Ahmad, won the prize. -if the non-restrictive appositive is parenthetical جملة اعتراضية then it is set off by parentheses: The boy- who hit me apologized. -if the non-restrictive appos. is at the end, it may be set off by a dash or a colon: We beat the team- the Tigers. -if the non-restrictive appos. contains commas, it is set off by dashes or parentheses: The three students- Ali, Ahmad, and Hamad, finished the job.

4. Patterns -S-Appos.- V- O- Appos. (non-restrictive) (non-restrictive) Mod.- Noun Ali, a good loser, congratulated Ahmad, the winner. -mod.- S - Appos.- V- O (restrictive) My friend Ali visited me. -S- V- Mod - O - Compound Appos (Noun and Noun) He found two clues- a gun and a knife. Introductory words (or, such as, specifically, that is, for example, namely, e.g) -non-restrictive appos. Introduced by these words is set off by commas:

5. Ali, or the winner, took the prize. Arab countries, such as Egypt and Syria, have rich resources -if the appositive has internal commas, it is set off by dashes or commas: Sports- such as jogging, swimming, and soccer requires high physical fitness.