1. GIARDIA LAMBLIA KELSEY GUSTAFSON AND EMILY THOLEN

2. TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION Kingdom: Protista Subkingdom: Protozoa Phylum: Sarcomastigorphora Subphylum: Mastigophora Class: Zoomastigophora Order: Diplomonadida Family: Hexamitidae Other names: traveler’s diarrhea, giardiasis, beaver fever, Giardia duodenalis, or Giardia Intestinalis

3. GEOGRAPHY/HOSTS -Found world wide Definitive hosts: Humans, other mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles Intermediate hosts: none

4. MORPHOLOGICAL FORMS Cyst Trophozoites - Very tough outer shell - Allows for transmission of the parasite in the environment -Non- reproductive form - The form while in the Host - The reproductive form

5. ANATOMY Eukaryote -Unicellular - contains 2 nucleus and nuclear membrane, cytoskeleton and endomembrane system - lacks typical eukaryote organelles Looks like…

6. LOCOMOTION Flagella -4 pairs Ventral Disk -attachment to small intestines

7. METABOLISM -Anaerobic -Relies on fermentative metabolism -Lives off of nutrients while in the small intestines REPRODUCTION - Asexual -Binary fission

8. LIFE CYCLE http://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=rExzXCI17ZE&feature =fvst

9. INFECTION/CLINICAL SIGNS Sites of infection: -predominantly duodenum and jejunum (small intestine) Pathogenesis: -diarrhea -gas/flatulence -greasy stool that can float -dehydration -upset stomach -nausea (these symptoms may lead to weight loss) Note: some people may experience no symptoms

10. INFECTION/ CLINICAL SIGNS -Symptoms begin around 1 week after ingestion of cyst’s -Symptoms can last from 1 to 2 weeks -Chronic cases can last from months to years Interesting Fact: -lactose intolerance can be observed while infected -20-40% of patients experience lactose intolerance which may be confused with drug resistance or reinfection -less than 4% of people remain infected after Giardia is gone

11. DIAGNOSIS/TREATMENT Diagnosis : stool samples Treatment: -prescription drugs -Metronidazole -Tinidazole -Nitazoxanide-Paromomycin -Quinacrine-Furazolidone -drinking plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration

12. CONTROL MEASURES Giardia can be acquired in many different ways -boiling water, filters, chemical disinfectants (such as iodine), -cooking, washing, or peeling (for fruits) food -safe sex, good hygiene (like hand washing before meals), and keeping mouth closed while swimming

13. PUBLIC HEALTH -1/3 of people in developing countries -most common intestinal parasite in U.S. -as little as 10 cysts are needed -infection rates go up in summer

14. REVIEW Why would Giardia have to be anaerobic? What are the morphological forms? How many flagella do they have? Where do they reproduce? What are some ways to prevent Giardia? Where is Giardia the most prevalent?

15. SOURCES http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/watermgt/wsm/wsm_dwm/FPPE/MPA.htm http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/giardia/gen_info/faqs.html http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/giardia/epi.html http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/giardia/treatment.html http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372844/pdf/microrev00035-0174.pdf http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC88984/ http://www.stanford.edu/class/humbio103/ParaSites2006/Giardiasis/lifecycle.htm http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehsphl/factsheet/giardia.htm http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/giardiainfections.html http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/giardia-infection/DS00739/DSECTION=treatments-and- drugs http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/giardia-infection/DS00739/DSECTION=prevention http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC88965/ http://www.fda.gov/food/foodsafety/foodborneillness/foodborneillnessfoodbornepathogensna turaltoxins/badbugbook/ucm070716.htm http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7889/#A4202