1. D.N.A (LET’S CLASSIFY) ROOT WORD – DI (apart/away) Objective: SWBAT explain how phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations of evolution  Organize/ group the following ice cream flavors in any way that makes sense to you.  Example: Start broad (how are they all related) to more specific  Vanilla  Chocolate  Rocky Road  Mint Chocolate Chip  Cookies and Cream  Rainbow

2. D.N.A please write on a separate sheet of paper Reflection Questions (Use Complete Sentences!)  How do you believe you performed on the unit exam?  What came easy to you? What parts were moredifficult?  How did you prepare for the exam?  What can you improve on when preparing for the nextexam?  What can Ms. Nakamura do to improve?

3. Unit 2: Diversity of Organisms CLASSIFYING LIFE’S DIVERSITY – BUILDING DARWIN’S TREE OF LIFE

4. 2004-2005 Phylogeny & Systematics  Phylogeny  evolutionary history of a species  based on common ancestries inferred from fossil record morphological & biochemical resemblances molecular evidence (DNA)  Systematics  Using phylogeny as an analytical approach to the study of the diversity of life and relationships between organisms

5. 2004-2005 Fossil record  Sedimentary rock are richest source of fossils  fossil record is a substantial, but incomplete, chronicle of evolutionary history incomplete historical documents of biology  history of life on Earth is punctuated by mass extinctions 5000 year old ice mummy found on an Alpine ridge dividing Austria from Italy at 10,500 feet above sea level.

6. Two approaches  1) Linnean system of groups  2) Phylogenic Trees/Cladistics

7. 2004-2005 Systematics  Connecting classification to phylogeny  hierarchical system  Carolus Linnaeas (taxonomist who named and classified species)  latin binomial  genus (Homo)  Species (sapiens)

8. #1 – Linneaus and taxa  Taxa – group names that we create to classify organisms  domain  kingdom  phylum  class  order  family  genus  species  Keep Pond Clean Or Froggy Gets Sick!  Early systems primarily based on structural analysis (anatomy – dissections by surgeons)

9. Binomial nomenclature rules  Organism’s scientific name: Felix catus  Genus = Felix, species =catus  Humans: Homo sapiens

10. Problems with Linnean system  Analogous structures result in mis-classifying  Transitional organisms strain the definitions of groups  Ex: Platypus – the egg-laying mammal (or should that be mammary-gland containing reptile?)

11. A challenge for biologists Homology  Shows deep relatedness, common ancestry  Similar components or materials – may now serve different functions  Shows divergence from ancestry Analogy  Superficial relatedness  Components or structure significantly different  Shows convergence from separate ancestries

12. Example of analogy Australian mole (marsupial) European mole (mammal) similar adaptations to live in current environment (underground), but very different ancestries

13. HomologyAnalogy Divergent evolutionConvergent evolution common ancestor modern related species different ancestries superficially related species (may live in similar environment)

14. 2004-2005  Connection between classification & phylogeny Tracing possible evolutionary relationships between some of the taxa of the order Carnivora, a branch of the class Mammalia. Building phylogentic trees

15. Leopard Domestic cat Common ancestor Each branch point – Represents the divergence of two species

16. “ Deeper” branch points – Represent progressively greater amounts of divergence Leopard Domestic cat Common ancestor Wolf

17. Cladistics  Depiction of patterns of shared characteristics among taxa (groups)  Organisms at base of cladogram share ancestral traits of others (primitive character)  Organisms further up cladogram have additional derived traits  (present in an organism but not in the previous common ancestor)

18. common ancestor with a jaw Cladistics 4 limbs?air sac?amniotic egg? jaws?mammary glands? dogsyes lampreysno salamandersyes noyesno sharksno yesno tunanoyesnoyesno turtlesyes no total “no” 32415 common ancestor to all these animals lampreysalamandersharktunaturtledog connection to other organisms on tree outgroup – representative with no further derived traits in cladogram, but fundamental similarities to others evolution of jaws the jaw clade evolution of air sac (swim bladder) the lung / lung derivative clade common ancestor with an air sac evolution of tetrapody (4 legs) the tetrapod clade common ancestor with 4 legs evolution of amniotic egg the amniote clade common amniote ancestor evolution of mammary glands the mammal clade

19. Cladistics  What is a valid clade?  Any group that includes all modern derived species and their common ancestor  In many cases, Linnean taxa are valid clades (ex: vertebrates, mammals)  In some cases, they are NOT valid clades (ex: protists, prokaryotes, reptiles)

20. One last misconception  “Humans evolved from chimpanzees”  No, they are both modern species … BOTH evolved to their modern forms from a common ancestor more recent in history than other species the rest of the primates, mammals, vertebrates, and all other life really chimpanzeeshumans common ancestor

21. D.N.A  Take 5 minutes to compare and contrast your cladogram with a partner  Discuss why you placed the organism the way you did based off of the derived trait

22. 22  Homoplasy: a shared character trait that was not been inherited from a common ancestor  Results from convergent evolution  Results from evolutionary reversal Cladistics

24. 24 Cladistics

25. 25 Other Phylogenetic Methods  Evolutionary changes occur in a clock-like fashion  Mutations may build up in any given stretch of DNA at a reliable rate.  Ex: The gene that codes for the protein alpha-globin (part of hemoglobin) experiences base changes at a rate of.56 changes per base pair per billion years.  Molecular clock: rate of evolution of a molecule is constant through time

26. D.N.A - Objective: SWBAT create and design an AP Biology FRQ essay IOT receive the maximum points on the AP exam  For the hemoglobin protein, the following information was given about the differences in amino acid sequences between organisms.  Draw a possible cladogram illustrating the relationship of these organisms to a common ancestor and summarize what can be obtained from this specific cladogram in a paragraph. BaboonChimpanzeeLemurGorillaDogChickenFrog Human7091101314

27.  “Winnie the Pooh” – source of attraction beginning at a young age  “Yes, I believe that as humans we tend to show favoritism to things that are more attractive because that is how we choose our mates…”  Importance to the ecosystem  Oleander flower – pretty in appearance, but poisonous…looks can be deceiving! GREAT DISCUSSION! Love, AYE

28. How about a rat?

29. Writing AP Biology Free Response Essays  1. READ THE QUESTION  2. OUTLINE the answer  3. Define your terms  Underline your key terms  4. Answer each subject/point in detail!  5. GET TO THE POINT!  Background information is not necessary unless instructed to

30. REVIEW FROM LAST CLASS  What are the three hypothesis in regards to the origin of life?  What were the key events in the origin of life?  How did endosymbiosis affect the origin of life of eukaryotes? 1) SPECIAL CREATION, 2) EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL ORIGIN, 3) SPONTANEOUS ABIOTIC ORIGIN 1) ORIGIN OF CELL (PROTOBIONTS), 2)ORIGIN OF GENETICS, 3) ORIGIN OF EUKARYOTES MUTUAL BENEFICIAL RELATIONSHIP!

31. REVIEW FROM LAST CLASS  How are fossils beneficial in evolution?  What are the two major hypotheses on how evolution takes place?  How are they different from each other? AGE AND MORPHOLOGIES (APPEARANCES) OF FOSSILES SHOW PATTERS OF CHANGES THAT HAVE OCCURRED BETWEEN SPECIES (RELATIONSHIP!) GRADUALISM AND PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM GRADUALISM – organisms evolve through a slow and constant change PUNCTUATED– species evolve very rapidly GRADUALISM – organisms evolve through a slow and constant change PUNCTUATED– species evolve very rapidly