1. Bilingual and ESL Classrooms: Teaching in Multicultural Contexts – Chapter 2 Policies and Programs Dr. Ellen de Kanter University of St. Thomas Instructional Strategies for the Content Area in ESL BIED 5336

2. Policy and Programs  The Politics of Bilingual Education  The English Only Movement  Impact of Official English  Changing Terms of Debate  English Plus

3. Policy and Programs  Historical Background  U.S. Schooling in languages Other Than English  English as a Second Language  Bilingual Instruction of the 1960s

4. Policy and Programs  Historical Overview of Title VII Legislation, 1968-2002  Title VII of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act  Provisions of the Original 1968 and 1974, 1978, 1984, 1988 Title VII Reauthorizations  Title VII of the Improving America’s Schools Act of 1994 and School Reform

5. Policy and Programs  Court Decisions and the Office for Civil Rights  Basic Rights of Language Minority Students  Lau v. Nichols, 1974  U.S. Office for Civil rights  Federal Court Decisions After Lau v. Nichols

6. Policy and Programs  State Policies  State legislation  State Certification of Bilingual/ESL Teachers

7. Policy and Programs  Program Models  Use of the Primary Language of Language Minority Students  Enrichment or Remediation?  ESL or ESOL  ESL Pullout  ESL Content or Sheltered Instruction  Newcomer Programs  Structured Immersion

8. Policy and Programs  Program Models, cont.  Bilingual Education  Transitional or Early Exit Bilingual Education  Maintenance or Late Exit or developmental Bilingual Education  Bilingual immersion, Two-Way Bilingual, or Dual- Language Education