2. CHAPTER 1 Parts of Speech By Sabiha Saleem

3. PARTS OF SPEECH The 8 “building blocks” of the English language… The 8 “building blocks” of the English language…

4. NOUN A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, or an idea. Nouns are the subject of a sentence. Kylie is a pro- golfer. The bakery has fresh baked goods. Love is a beautifu l thing.

5. Types of Noun There are several types of nouns. The most common are: – Proper noun – Common noun – Abstract noun – Concrete noun – Countable noun – Uncountable noun

6. Proper Noun P roper nouns name specific persons, places or things. T he first letter is always capitalized to distinguish them from common nouns. Example: J onathan is my best friend. I want to go to New York. I love the Harry Potter series.

7. Common Noun Common nouns refer to general, unspecific things, person, or place. Whereas New York is a proper noun because it is a specific state, the word state itself is a common noun because it can refer to any 50 states in the US. Tom is a proper noun because it is naming a specific boy. But the word boy itself is a common noun because a boy could be any boy.

8. Concrete Noun Concrete nouns are nouns that can be touched, smelled, seen, felt, or tasted. Examples: Please pass the salt so I could add it to my soup. Your sweater is made of fine wool. Can I pet your dog? Your car is looking very shiny.

9. Abstract Noun A bstract Nouns name concepts, ideas or emotions. I f you cannot taste, touch, hear, smell or see something, it is an abstract noun. Examples: L ove is kind and gentle. H is courage saved the day. F orgiveness is part of life. I want freedom! H ate can sometimes be stronger than love.

10. Countable Noun Countable nouns are things that we can count. Such as: pen, book, dog, cat, coin, person… Countable nouns can be singular or plural. Example: My dog is playing. My dogs are hungry.

11. Uncountable Noun Things that we cannot count. Such as: milk. We can say bottles of milk or liters of milk, but we can not say: there are 2 milks here. Hence it is uncountable.

12. CountableUncountable dollarmoney songmusic suitcaseluggage tablefurniture batteryelectricity bottlewine reportinformation tipadvice journeytravel jobwork viewscenery

13. Singular and Plural Nouns A singular noun names one person, place, thing or idea. Examples: My pencil is broken. May I borrow a piece of paper? A plural noun names more than one person, place, thing or idea. Examples: My pencils are broken. My papers are scattered around the floor.

14. When a noun ends in y and the letter before the y is a vowel, add an s to make the noun plural. Plural Forms of Nouns... PP 4-9 delay key boy play essay delays keys boys plays essays delay key boy play essay delays keys boys plays essays

15. When a noun ends in y and the letter before the y is a consonant, change the y to i and add es to make the noun plural. PP 4-10 policy copy accessory facility policies copies accessories facilities lady –Ladies fry –fries policy copy accessory facility policies copies accessories facilities

16. Add es to make nouns plural that end with: s –buses x –taxes ch –benches sh –dishes

17. Some nouns that end in f or fe change to ves when made plural: calf –calves knife –knives

18. Some nouns that end in o change to es when made plural. Some change to s: kangaroo –kangaroos potato –potatoes

19. Some nouns do not change at all when made plural: sheep –sheep deer –deer

20. Some nouns become a new word when made plural: man –men goose –geese

21. Can you make these nouns plural? 1.half 2.foot 3.piano 4.spy 5.brush

22. Can you make these nouns plural? 1.halves 2.feet 3.pianos 4.spies 5.brushes

23. Can you make these nouns plural? 1.mouse 2.memo 3.shelf 4.leaf 5.child

24. Can you make these nouns plural? 1.mice 2.memos 3.shelves 4.leaves 5.children

25. Can you make these nouns plural? 1.thief 2.woman 3.fish 4.photo 5.tooth

26. Can you make these nouns plural? 1.thieves 2.women 3.fish 4.photos 5.teeth

27. Some singular nouns have irregular plurals. Irregular Noun Plurals and Special Nouns woman foot mouse goose child ox women feet mice geese children oxen SingularPlural

28. Some nouns have the same singular and plural forms. Irregular Noun Plurals and Special Nouns deer sheep moose species series deer sheep moose species series SingularPlural continued

29. Some nouns that end in s look like plurals; but, depending on their use, they may have singular meanings. newsphysics ethicspolitics Most nouns that represent ideas or qualities have no plural forms. honesty integrity patience innocence Some nouns are never singular. proceeds savings goodsearnings Irregular Noun Plurals and Special Nouns continued

30. A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun.

31. What is a pronoun? It’s a word used instead of a noun (or a phrase containing a noun) Example: `He', `it', `who', and `anything' are pronouns. When the pronoun is the subject (the person doing the action) of the sentence, it is called a Subject Pronoun. Example: Bob is swimming. He is swimming.

32. What are the English subject pronouns? Singular Plural 1 st personIWe 2 nd personYou 3 rd personHe, She, ItThey

33. I You He, She, It Single Subject pronouns?

34. We They Plural Subject pronouns?

35. Make Sentences for all Subject pronouns.

36. Verb

37. A verb is a word which describes the action in a sentence (the doing word) Examples I play football. They skip quickly. We eat spaghetti. Bob is seven today.

38. ACTIONACTION VERBSVERBS Physical write block tackle catch charge Mental remember honor prefer excel regarded An action verb can express physical actions, such as writing and running, or mental activities such as thinking and honoring.

39. Linking Verbs and Predicate Words A linking verb connects the subject of a sentence with a noun or an adjective in the predicate. John McGraw was the manager. Linking verbs tell what the subject is or is like. Linking Verb Subject Noun

40. Common Linking Verbs bebecome grow seemturn appear taste lookfeel smellsound Many of these linking verbs can also be used as action verbs. Chandra turned thirteen. (Linking Verb) The car turned the corner. (Action Verb)

41. Predicate Nouns Sam is a pitcher. Susan was our best player. Will you be my friend? A predicate noun follows a linking verb. It tells what the subject is.

42. Predicate Adjectives Samantha is beautiful. Susan was bored with sports. Will the game be interesting? A predicate adjective follows a linking verb. It describes the subject by telling what it is like.

43. Helping Verbs Defined A helping verb is a verb that helps the main verb tell about an action or make a statement.

44. Helping Verbs List ishaveshouldshall washascouldwill werehadwoulddo aredid ammaydoes be mightcan been, beingmust A verb phrase consists of one or more helping verbs followed by a main verb.

45. Helping Verbs and Verb Phrases In the sentence above, the word are is the helping verb, and the present participle jumping is the main verb. Together they form a verb phrase. A verb phrase consists of one or more helping verbs followed by a main verb. The students are jumping rope now.

46. ADVERB An adverb is a descriptive word that tells more about a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Adverbs tell how, where and when: “Yesterday, she ran quickly downtown.” The most commonly used adverb in English is “very.” Many adverbs end in “ly”: quickly, carefully, & slowly…

48. ADJECTIVES Adjectives tell about nouns. They usually answer 2 questions.

49. HOW MANY? WHAT KIND? One sad little girl was in our class.

50. HOW MANY? WHAT KIND? One sad little girl was in our class.

51. HOW MANY? WHAT KIND? One sad little girl was in our class.

52. Let’s Practice!

53. Robert had four books on his shelf. Can you find the adjectives and the nouns they describe? four describes

54. The scary ghost was not smiling! scary describes

55. Jessimine looked into the clear ball. clear describes

56. The colorful butterfly was Evan’s. colorful describes

57. Brittany wore a pink dress! pink describes

58. Frankie saw a funny clown at the circus. funny describes

59. Hilary wore a striped shirt. striped describes

60. Chasitie bounced the round basketball. round describes

61. Adjectives answer two questions. HOW MANY? WHAT KIND? some few many several lots four green crunchy smooth new smart beautiful

62. What is the adjective? What noun does it tell about? The blue notebook is closed. Adjective? Noun?

63. PREPOSITION A preposition shows a position relationship between two or more nouns or pronouns. “She walked through the door into the room.” The relationship can be spatial, as in the sentence above, or in time, as in the sentence below: “After the track meet, he was very tired.”

64. CONJUNCTION A conjunction is a short joining word, such as “and, or, but, for, so & yet.” The main function of a conjunction is to join words, phrases and clauses together: Slowly and carefully A red hat and a white shirt He had no ticket, but he went anyway.

65. INTERJECTION An interjection is a word (or words) of shock or surprise. It is usually used by itself and is followed by an exclamation point. Examples are: Wow!, Cool!, Awesome! and so on… “Watch out! Where’d this rocket come from???”

66. Definite And Indefinite Articles Definite article is “the” It is called definite article because it is used to refer to a specific person, place, or thing i.e., the girl next door, the school, etc Indefinite article “a” “an” Refers to any person, place, or thing, not a specific one. i.e., a girl, a school.

67. Definite and indefinite articles The indefinite article refers to a non-specific item. It’s a book, any old book. The definite article refers to a specific item. It’s the book we use in the English class.

68. Definite and indefinite articles It’s a chair, any old chair. It’s the chair we use in the Spanish class.

69. Definite and indefinite articles The plural indefinite article can be translated as “some” or “a few.” There are a few books in the classroom. There are some chairs, too.

70. Definite and indefinite articles The plural definite article, just like the singular, refers to specific things. They’re the books for the class. They’re the chairs for the students.

71. Contraction Action Iam = I’m youare = you’re itis = it’s heis = he’s

72. Contraction Action sheis = she’s isnot = isn’t letus = let’s didnot = didn’t

73. Contraction Action wewill = we’ll couldnot = couldn’t willnot = won’t youwill = you’ll