1. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area Wireless NETWORKS NET 434 Topic No 4 Sat ellite networks

2. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area Satellite Networks –A satellite network is a combination of nodes, some of which are satellites, that provides communication from one point on the Earth to another. –A node in the network can be a satellite, an Earth station, or an end-user terminal or telephone. –The antenna systems on or near the earth are referred to as earth stations. –A transmission from an earth station to the satellite is referred to as uplink, whereas transmissions from the satellite to the earth station are downlink. –The component in the satellite that takes an uplink signal and converts it to a downlink signal is called a transponder.

3. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area Satellite services ›Communication satellites can be categorized on the basis of the following criteria. –Coverage area: Global, regional, or national. The larger the area of coverage, the more satellites must be involved in a single networked system. –Service type: Fixed service satellite (FSS), broadcast service satellite (BSS), and mobile service satellite (MSS). –General usage: Commercial, military, amateur, experimental. ›Satellite Services

4. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area Basics

5. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area BASICS

6. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area Satellite ORBITS –An artificial satellite needs to have an orbit, the path in which it travels around the Earth. –The orbit may be circular, with the center of the circle at the center of the earth, or elliptical, with the earth's center at one of the two foci of the ellipse. –A satellite may orbit around the earth in different planes. An equatorial orbit is directly above the earth's equator. A polar orbit passes over both poles. Other orbits are referred to as inclined orbits.

7. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area Satellite footprint –Depending on the desired area of coverage, the signal from the satellite is normally aimed at a specific area called the footprint. –The signal power at the center of the foot print is maximum. –The power decreases as we move out from the footprint center. The boundary of the footprint is the location where the power level is at a predefined threshold. –This effect is displayed in a pattern known as a satellite footprint. ›. –The satellite footprint displays the effective radiated power of the antenna at each point, taking into account the signal power fed into the antenna and the directionality of the antenna. –The actual power received at any point on the footprint is found by subtracting the free space loss from the effective power Figure.

8. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area Satellite Coverage area and Elevation angle

9. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area Satellite Coverage area and Elevation angle –The coverage angle is a measure of the portion of the earth's surface visible to the satellite taking into account the minimum elevation angle; defines a circle on the earth's surface centered on the point directly below the satellite. The following equation holds: –Where –The distance of the farthest point from the satellite is given by – –If elevation angle is too low ›Buildings, trees and terrestrial objects can obstruct LOS. ›Atmospheric attenuation greater. ›Electrical noise generated by earth adversely affects reception –For downlinks, current design practice is to use a minimum elevation angle of from 5° to 20° depending on frequency. –For uplinks, the FCC requires a minimum elevation angle of 5°.

10. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area Categories of Satellites Based on Orbital Distance –The satellite orbits are chosen such that they are not destroyed by the high energy charged particles present in the two Van Allen belts. –

11. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area Satellite Parameters as a function of orbital distance

12. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area Geostationary Satellites –Geo stationary satellites are at a distance of ›35,863 km ›Circular orbit ›In the equatorial plane › rotates at exactly the same angular speed as the earth and will remain above the same spot on the equator as the earth rotates. ›Period:24 hours ›Propagation delay:0.24 sec ›Advantages –The satellite is stationary relative to the earth, there is no problem with frequency changes due to the relative motion of the satellite and antennas on earth. – Tracking of the satellite by its earth stations is simplified. ›.. –At 35,863 km above the earth the satellite can communicate with roughly a fourth of the earth; three satellites in geostationary orbit separated by 120. Three satellite can provide global coverage –These satellites are used for TV and radio broadcast, weather forecast and also, these satellites are operating as backbones for the telephone networks.

13. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area GEOs ›Disadvantages –The signal can get quite weak after traveling over 35,000 km. Larger transmitter power-more expensive. –The polar regions and the far northern and southern hemispheres are poorly served by geostationary satellites. –Substantial propagation delay-Almost 0.24 seconds per hop. –Geostationary satellites use their assigned frequencies over a very large area-Inefficient spectrum utilization

14. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area LEO –Low-Earth-orbit ›Altitude: 500-2000 km ›Polar orbits. ›Period: 90-120 min ›Speed 20,000 to 25,000 km/h. ›Footprint: Diameter 8000 km. ›Round-trip time propagation delay less than 20ms, which is acceptable for audio communication ›Disadvantages –Motion of the satellite relative to a fixed point on earth is high, the system must be able to cope with large Doppler shifts, which change the frequency of the signal. –To provide broad coverage over 24 hours, many satellites are needed. –The atmospheric drag on a LEO satellite is significant, resulting in gradual orbital deterioration. ›Advantages –The reduced propagation delay for LEO results in a stronger received LEO signal than that of GEO signals for the same transmission power. –LEO coverage can be better localized so that spectrum can be better conserved. For this reason, this technology is currently being proposed for communicating with mobile terminals and with personal terminals that need stronger signals to function.

15. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area LEOS –A LEO system usually has a cellular type of access, similar to the cellular telephone system. –A LEO system is made of a constellation of satellites that work together as a network; each satellite acts as a switch. –Satellites that are close to each other are connected through inter satellite links (ISLs). –A mobile system communicates with the satellite through a user mobile link (UML). ›A satellite can also communicate with an Earth station (gateway) through a gateway link (GWL).

16. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area MEOS –MEO Satellites are positioned between two Van Allen belts. –Altitude:10,000 Km –Period 6-8 Hours –Transmission delay- 0.10 sec –Propagation delay to earth from such satellites and the power required are greater than for LEOs, they are still substantially less than for GEO satellites. –MEO satellites require much fewer handoffs than LEO satellites. –GPS is an example of a MEO Satellite ›The GPS is a satellite based navigation system. ›Network of 24 satellites ›Altitude -20,000 km ›Period 12 hours ›Land sea and air users to measure their position, velocity and time.

17. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area Orbital comparison for satellite communication applications

18. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area Frequency Allocation –Allocation of frequencies for satellite services requires international coordination and planning done by the ITU. –To implement the frequency planning, the world is divided into regions. ›Region 1: Europe, Africa and Mongolia ›Region 2: North and south America and Greenland ›Region 3: Asia, Australia and south west pacific. –Within these regions, the frequency bands are allocated to satellite services ›Frequency bands GHZ Allocation –Band Names and Frequencies for each Range –The frequencies reserved for satellite microwave communication are in the gigahertz (GHz) range. –Each satellite sends and receives over two different bands. –Transmission from the Earth to the satellite is called the uplink. Transmission from the satellite to the Earth is called the downlink.

19. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area Frequency allocation for satellites –Increasing bandwidth is available in the high frequencies. –Higher the frequency, Higher the transmission impairments –For a given frequency allocation service, there is an allocation of an uplink band and a downlink band. –The uplink band is always at high frequency. –The higher frequency suffers more loss than its lower frequency counterpart. –The earth station is capable of more power which helps to compensate for the poorer performance at higher frequencies. ›Assignment No 1: –The difference between the Terrestrial and Satellite wireless communications from a network design point of view.

20. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area Satellite Network Configurations –Common configurations for satellite communication. ›Point to point link (between two distant ground based antennas. ›Point to multipoint (broadcast), communication between one ground base transmitter and a number of ground based receivers

21. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area Satellite Network Configurations ›A variation on the second configuration---two-way communication among earth stations, with one central hub and many remote stations.

22. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area Multiple access techniques ›Multiple access techniques are used to allow a large number of users to share the spectrum/channel in an efficient manner. –FDMA: It divides the spectrum into frequency bands, with each user having exclusive possession of some band to send signal/data. –TDMA: The users take turns each one periodically getting the entire bandwidth for a little burst of time. –CDMA: allows each station to transmit over the entire frequency spectrum at all the time.

23. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area Multiple access techniques –In CDMA, each bit time is subdivided into m short intervals called chips. Typically, there are 64 or 128 chips per bit. –To transmit a 1 bit, a station sends its chip sequence. To transmit a 0 bit, it sends the negation of its chip sequence. No other patterns are permitted. –All chip sequences are pairwise orthogonal. –CDMA is used by satellites as well as cellular and cable networks.

24. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area Multiplexing techniques

25. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area FDMA –The overall capacity of a communications satellite is divided into a number of channels. This is a top level of FDM, with further capacity allocation carried out within each channel. –The overall channel capacity is divided using FDM into a number of small channels each of which uses FM. Each of the smaller channel carries a number of signals using FDM. The ability of multiple earth stations to access the same channel is referred to FDMA. ›Example: Frequency allocation of a Geo-Satellite with this allocation used in the Galaxy satellites from PanAmSat.3 –C Band----Uplink Frequency 4GHz,Downlink Frequency 6GHz –Bandwidth: 500 MHz –24---40MHz Channels accommodated using frequency reuse. –Each frequency assignment is used by two carriers with orthogonal polarization. –Each 40-MHz channel includes a 4-MHz guard band, so each channel is actually 36 MHz wide.

26. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area FDMA –Each 36MHz channel can be used in a point to point configuration for the following: ›400 channels of 64 kbps each ›600 channels of 40 kbps each ›One analog video signal ›Six to nine digital video signals

27. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area FDMA ›Types of FDMA : –Fixed-assignment multiple access (FAMA) ›The assignment of capacity within the overall satellite channel is distributed in a fixed manner among multiple stations. ›Underuse of capacity as demand can fluctuate. –Demand-assignment multiple access (DAMA) ›The capacity assignment is changed as needed to respond optimally to demand changes among the multiple stations. ›FAMA FDMA –Seven Earth Stations sharing the 36MHz Uplink capacity –Station A is assigned the 5-MHz bandwidth from 6237.5 to 6242.5 MHz in which it can transmit 60 VF channels using FDM-FM. –FDM is used to carry the 60 channels, and FM is used to modulate the channels onto the carrier frequency of 6240 MHz.

28. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area tdma –Takes advantage of the fact that the achievable bit rate of the medium exceeds the required data rate of a digital signal. › Types of TDMA ›Synchronous TDMA (FAMA-TDMA) ›DAMA –TDMA –Time slots are pre-assigned and fixed. –Asynchronous TDM allows time on the medium to be allocated dynamically.

29. Slide title 44 pt Text and bullet level 1 minimum 24 pt Bullets level 2-5 minimum 20 pt Characters for Embedded font: !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:; ?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcde fghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~¡¢£¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬®¯°±²³´¶·¸¹º»¼½ÀÁÂÃÄÅ ÆÇÈËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖ×ØÙÚÛÜÝÞßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõö÷øùú ûüýþÿĀāĂăąĆćĊċČĎďĐđĒĖėĘęĚěĞğĠġĢģĪīĮįİıĶķĹĺĻļĽľŁłŃńŅņŇň ŌŐőŒœŔŕŖŗŘřŚśŞşŠšŢţŤťŪūŮůŰűŲųŴŵŶŷŸŹźŻżŽžƒȘșˆˇ˘˙˚˛˜˝Ẁ ẁẃẄẅỲỳ–— ‘’‚“”„†‡…‰‹›⁄€™ĀĀĂĂĄĄĆĆĊĊČČĎĎĐĐĒĒĖĖĘĘĚĚĞĞĠĠĢĢĪĪĮĮİĶĶĹĹĻĻĽĽŃ ŃŅŅŇŇŌŌŐŐŔŔŖŖŘŘŚŚŞŞŢŢŤŤŪŪŮŮŰŰŲŲŴŴŶŶŹŹŻŻȘș−≤≥fifl ΆΈΉΊΌΎΏΐΑΒΓΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΪΫΆΈΉΊΰαβγδεζηθικλνξορ ςΣΤΥΦΧΨΩΪΫΌΎΏ ЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯАБ ВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯЁЂЃЄЅІЇЈЉЊЋЌЎЏѢѢѲ ѲѴѴҐҐә ǽ ẀẁẂẃẄẅỲỳ№ Do not add objects or text in the footer area –Ordinary TDMA is more efficient than ordinary FDMA because the guard times and control bits of TDMA utilize less capacity than the guard bands of FDMA. –Note the dramatic drop in capacity of FDMA as the number of channels increase. By contrast, TDMA drops much more slowly as the number of time slots (channels) increase. –The use of a long frame time also increases efficiency.