2. Microbiology  Microbiology- the study of very small, microscopic organisms Bacteria Fungi Viruses Protists Etc.

3. Bacteria=Prokaryotes  ProkaryotesEukaryotes  No organelles except Lots of organelles ribosomesINCLUDING  NO NUCLEUS!NUCLEUS!

4. Bacterial Characteristics  Oldest organisms: 3.5 billion yrs. old.  Live in almost every environment.

5. Eubacteria  Kingdom Eubacteria Common environments Believed to be the ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts--- organelles in eukaryotic cells

6. Archaebacteria  Kingdom Archaebacteria Found in extreme environments Ancient bacteria-gave rise to eukaryotic cells

7. Characteristics-Size  Size Red blood cell is 250X’s larger than a bacterium 1 gram of soil can contain 2.5 BILLION bacteria Relative bacteria size

8. Characteristics-Shapes  Shapes: Cocci- round Bacilli- rod-shaped Spirilla- spiral

9. Bacterial structure  Interior structures Has DNA and cytoplasm—no nucleus or other membrane bound organelles EXCEPT ribosomes for protein synthesis! Ribosomes- the protein making factories of all cells that take mRNA and translate it into the amino acids of a protein

10. Bacterial Structure

11. Identifying Prokaryotes  Shape – rod, spherical, spiral  Chemical nature of cell walls  Movement – flagella, lash, snake, spiral forward, glide on slimelike material  Obtain energy – heterotrophs or autotrophs

12. Bacterial structure  Exterior structures Flagella-whip-like tail for locomotion Cell membrane to control what goes in and out Cell wall for protection

13. 2 Types of Cell Walls  2 types of cell walls found in bacteria  Identified as Gram + or Gram -  There ’ s a chemical difference b/t them.

14. Gram staining Special staining process “ Gram positive is purple; Gram negative is not. ”

15. 2 Types of Cell Walls  Gram + Thick cell wall Holds purple stain, so cells look purple  Gram - Two thin layers make up cell wall Doesn’t hold purple stain so appears pink

16. 2 Types of Cell Walls  Treatment of illness due to these bacteria is different! Gram - : bacteria that stain pick and are generally NOT affected by antibiotics  i.e. E. coli Gram +: bacteria that stain purple do to a thick cell wall and are affected by antibiotics  i.e. S. pneumoniae

17. Bacterial Reproduction  Binary fission- bacteria’s process of reproduction where 1 becomes 2. Results in clones Colony- 1000’s of bacteria that result from one undergoing binary fission

18. How are bacteria so diverse?  They have several ways of exchanging genetic information.  Conjugation--exchanging DNA through a straw-like tube.  Transformation—another method of transferring genes between bacteria.

19. Useful Bacteria  Decomposers- Recycle nutrients such as CO 2, water, nitrogen, and phosphorus

20. Useful Bacteria Nitrogen fixation- soil bacteria take nitrogen gas from the air (N 2 ) and change it into a useable form that plants can absorb (NH 3 - ammonia.) Plants use the nitrogen to produce their proteins and DNA. Some bacteria are photosynthetic and also provide oxygen NH 3 N2N2 YUMMY! Bacteria

21. Useful Bacteria  Food-- yogurt, olives, pickles, chocolate  Drugs -- insulin production  Clean up oil spills  Animal digestion and vitamins, including our own  Microbe Discovery Movie Microbe Discovery Movie

22. Harmful Bacteria  Pathogen- disease causing organisms.  Pathologists -scientists who study pathogens.  Not many bacteria are pathogenic— ONLY 1%!  Disease Transmission: a.) Water b.) Air c.) Food d.) Animals/Insects e.) Human Contact

23. Bacterial Diseases  Tuberculosis  Syphilis  Bubonic Plague  Typhus  Tetanus  Lyme Disease

24. Controlling Bacterial Growth  What do bacteria require to live and reproduce? - Food, water, and the right climate. -Give bacteria these things, and they grow; remove them and they don’t.

25. GROWTH CURVE

26. Nutrition and Energy  How do bacteria “eat”? 1.) Autotrophic- “self-feeders” MAKE food *Photosynthetic so they release oxygen!!! HAVE NO ORGANELLES SO NO CHLOROPLASTS!!! *Chemosynthetic 2.) Heterotrophic- “other-feeders” GET food *Consumers *Decomposers *Parasites

27. Growing Bacteria on Petri Dishes  Plastic Petri dishes have a Jell-O like substance called AGAR with nutrients and water for bacteria to grow on.

28. Controlling Growth  Antibiotics Antibiotic resistance  Sanitizing--Antiseptics and Disinfectants  Freezing  Cooking  Pasteurizing- The act or process of heating a beverage or other food, such as milk or beer, to a specific temperature for a specific period of time in order to kill microorganisms that could cause disease, spoilage, or undesired fermentation.milk  Vaccination  Dehydrating- removing water from food, thus inhibiting the growth of microorganisms (enzymes) and bacteria by the circulation of hot, dry air through the food.

29. Antibiotics  Alexander Fleming - In 1928, while working on influenza virus, he observed that mould had developed accidently on a staphylococcus culture plate and that the mould had created a bacteria-free circle around itself.  Mold on his Petri dish had a zone of inhibition- area in which bacteria didn’t grow.  Mold released the antibiotic penicillin  Antibiotic=against life; any substance produced by a microbe that slows the growth of other microorganisms. MOLD BACTERIA

30. Antibiotics  Antibiotics are made by : fungus (mold) other bacteria, the most common Streptomyces. present day antibiotics are synthetic modifications of naturally occurring ones.  Work on Gram + bacteria Each paper disk has antibiotics on it. Which antibiotic is more powerful? BACTERIA

31. Antibiotic Resistance MovieMovie  Antibiotic resistance- a situation in which some bacteria are not affected by certain antibiotics!  Can be resistant due to: Special cell walls (i.e. Gram – bacteria) OR Special antibiotic resistant genes  Don’t finish antibiotics: Weaker bacteria destroyed. **Resistant bacteria still live and pass on resistant genes through binary fission, conjugation and transformation

32. Conjugation

33. Sanitizing  Antiseptics- chemicals used to inhibit growth of bacteria on living tissues

34. Sanitizing  Disinfectants- chemicals used to inhibit growth of bacteria on NON-living things.

35. Freezing  How would this control the growth of bacteria?  Would freezing kill all the bacteria?

36. Cooking  Cooking can control bacterial growth and kill most bacteria if heated to certain temps—165F or hotter.  Use a meat thermometer  Wash hands after handling raw meat

37. Pasteurizing  Pasteurization- using heat to kill bacteria in liquids.

38. Dehydrating  Dehydration- removal of water from a substance  How would this control the growth of bacteria?

39. Vaccination  Vaccination- a shot, pill, or mist that prevents you from getting a disease. DOES NOT CURE YOU.  Fast and strong immune system memory cells produced which provides immunity just like if you got the disease (i.e. tetanus.)

40. Vaccination  Can use weakened (attenuated) bacteria or viruses  MOSTLY use parts of bacteria or viruses— acellular  Vaccine video Vaccine video