1. Respiration A Dr. Production

2. Energy Concepts Thermodynamics & Reaction Rates

3. RESPIRATION  a process where organic (food) molecules are oxidized & broken down to release E Glycolysis is the 1 o source of e- for the citric acid and e- transport chain CH 2 O + O 2  CO 2 + H 2 O + Energy Has both an anaerobic phase and an aerobic phase Associated with Mitochondria found in eukaryotic cells

4. Respiration is a multi-step process that occurs in several places in the mitochondria. So it is important that you know the anatomy of the mitochondria

5. Glyco lysis, or "splitting of sugar"occurs in the cytosol Glucose is very stable, and must be converted to reactive compound by phosphorylation Glucose (6C) 2ATP 2ADP + 2P PGAL (3C) NAD+ NADH 2ADP + 2P 2ATP Pyruvic Acid (3C) Pyruvic Acid (3C)

6. Redox Reactions How NAD+ Works

7. Glycolysis net gain +2ATP, 2% total E in 1 molecule glucose, only 7% of E released 2ADP  2ATP 2NAD +  2NADH + 2H +2NAD 1 Glucose  2Pyruvate

8. Pyruvic Acid vs Pyruvate  Draw pyruvate

9. Conversion of Pyruvate Conversion of Pyruvate occurs in the mitochondrial membrane  Identify the components of Acetyl CoA

10. TCA/Citric Acid/Krebs Cycle Citric Acid Cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix each molecule acetyl Co-A yields the following from one molecule of glucose: 3NADH + + H + 1FADH 2 1ATP 2CO 2

11. Or, for a more detailed look…

12. The Electron Transport Chain E- Transport Chainoccurs across the inner mitochondrial membrane and in the inter-membrane space It uses O 2 to transfer e- from 10NADH + H+ and 2FADH 2 It separates H into e- and H+, carries e- away from H+ gradient

13. Which side is more basic than the other? More acidic? More alkaline?

14. ATPase attached to H + channels and uses kinetic E of H + to join ADP + P this is called "chemiosmotic ATP synthesis" each NADH + + H + produces 3ATP= 30 ATP each FADH 2 produces 2ATP= 4 ATP Glycolysis= 2 ATP Kreb’s Cycle = 2 ATP ATP Synthetase The Movie

15. Electron Transporters

16. Got O 2 ? In the absence of O 2 … Fermentation occurs…Fermentation

17. Pyruvate (3C) CO 2 Acetaldehyde (2C) NADH + H+ NAD+NAD+ EthanolLactic Acid Liver Glucose Glycogen in the liver is a reserve of glucose. When blood sugar levels drop below 4 to 5 mM glycogen phosphorylase is activated

20. Fermentation generates 0ATP, so what is it’s usefulness?Fermentation How did the first anaerobic heterotrophs make E? NAD+ is needed for glycolysis Pyruvic acid generates NADH from NAD+, fermentation regenerates NAD+ Which is more efficient, aerobic or anaerobic respiration? What is the evolutionary significance of this?

21. Alternative Energy Sources for Muscles Hydrolysis of Sucrose in IntestinesHydrolysis of Sucrose in Intestines Fatty Acid MetabolismFatty Acid Metabolism

22. RESPIRATION CYTOPLASM GLYCOLOSIS HAPPENS HERE! MITOCHONDRIA RESPIRATION HAPPENS IN THIS ORGANELLE! PROTEINSCARBO’S(SUGARS) AMINOACIDS FATS(LIPIDS) GLUCOSE C 6 H 12 O 6 ACETYL-CoA PYRUVICACID GLYCOLOSIS IN CYTOPLASM NO OXYGEN! KREBS CYCLE AND ANDELECTRONTANSPORT MAKES 34 ATPS MAKES 2 ATPS O 2 ENTERS HERE CO 2 IS RELEASED ATP TOTALS GLYCOLOSIS=2RESPIRATION=34BOTH=36!

23. Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. Glucose must be synthesized after 12-24 hours of fasting or during prolonged exercise to maintain blood glucose concentration. The brain prefers to use glucose as fuel, although after a long period of starvation it can derive some of its energy requirements from ketone bodies. RBCs have an absolute requirement for glucose since they have no mitochondria and can not utilize ketone bodies. Occurs in the liver (& kidney cortex after prolonged starvation), in cytosol &mitochondria.

24. GlycolysisPyruvate Intermediate TCA CycleE- Transport Chain Fermen- tation Where it occurs Co-Enzymes used Co-Enzymes produced ATP Used ATP Produced MISC Inputs MISC Outputs

25. References Hibernation:Hibernation Krebs cycle Tutorial Citric Acid Cycle tutorial A&P Animations & Quizzes ATP & Energy Storage Fermentation & Irritable Bowel Syndrome Step by Step Glycolysis Interactive Biochemistry Animations Overview of Glycolysis Heavy Chemistry Fundamentals of Biochemistry Animations Glycolysis with Redox Reactions Cellular Respiration Animation: SummaryCellular Respiration Animation