1. Ch 8 ~ Cellular Energy Section 1: How Organisms Obtain Energy
Section 2: Photosynthesis
Section 3: Cellular Respiration

2. Transformation of Energy
8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy
Cellular Energy
Transformation of Energy
Energy - ability to do work.
Thermodynamics - study of flow & transformation of energy in universe.

3. Laws of Thermodynamics
Cellular Energy
Laws of Thermodynamics
First law —energy converted from one form to another, but cannot be created nor destroyed.
Second law —energy
cannot be converted
without the loss of
energy

4. Autotrophs -make their own food.
Cellular Energy
Autotrophs -make their own food.
Heterotrophs -need to ingest food to obtain energy.

5. Metabolism - All chemical reactions in a cell
Cellular Energy
Metabolism - All chemical reactions in a cell
Photosynthesis—light energy from Sun converts to chemical energy for use by cell
Cellular respiration—
organic molecules
(CHO, lipid, Pro)
broken down to release
energy for use by cell
“catabolism”, or
catabolic pathway

6. Cellular Energy
ATP: The Unit of Cellular Energy
ATP releases energy when bond btwn 2nd & 3rd P group is broken, forming molecule called adenosine diphosphate (ADP) & 1 free P group.
ATP

7. Section 8.1 Vocabulary energy thermodynamics metabolism Photosynthesis
Cellular Energy
Vocabulary
Section 8.1
energy
thermodynamics
metabolism
Photosynthesis
cellular respiration
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

8. Why is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) such an
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.1 Formative Questions
Why is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) such an
important biological molecule?
It captures light energy from the sun.
It is produced in anabolic pathways.
It stores and releases chemical energy.
It converts mechanical energy to thermal energy. A B C D
FQ 4

9. Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.1 Formative Questions
Which law of thermodynamics explains why the ladybug receives the least amount of usable energy? A B
the first law of thermodynamics
the second law of thermodynamics
FQ 1

10. All of the energy from the food you eat comes from the sun.
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.1 Formative Questions
All of the energy from the food you eat comes from the sun.
true
false A B
FQ 2

11. Why is cellular respiration a catabolic pathway?
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.1 Formative Questions
Why is cellular respiration a catabolic pathway?
Energy is used to form glucose and oxygen.
Energy is converted from water to carbon dioxide.
Energy that is lost is converted to thermal energy.
Energy is released by the breakdown of molecules. A B C D
FQ 3

12. Overview of Photosynthesis
Cellular Energy
Overview of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis occurs in 2 phases:
Light-dependent reactions
Light-independent reactions

13. Phase One: Light Reactions
Cellular Energy
Phase One: Light Reactions
Absorption of light is 1st step in photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts capture light energy.

14. Chloroplasts capture light energy; mainly in leaf cells
Cellular Energy
Chloroplasts
capture light energy; mainly in leaf cells
thylakoids – form flat, sac-like membranes in stacks, or grana
- light-dependent chem rx take place in thylakoids
Stroma – fluid-filled space outside grana
- light-independent chem rx takes place in stroma

16. Pigments Major pigments chlorophylls a & b, carotenoids
Cellular Energy
Pigments
absorb light; found in thylakoid membranes
Diff pigments absorb diff wavelengths of light.
Major pigments
chlorophylls a & b, carotenoids
absorb violet-blue light and reflect green (chlorophylls) or red/yellow/orange (carotenoids)

17. Electron Transport Chain
Light energy excites e- in photosystem II causing water molecule to split & 3 events to occur:
releasing e- into electron transport system (ETC)
releasing H+ into thylakoid space
produce O2 as waste product.

19. Cellular Energy
Excited e- move from photosystem II to an electron-acceptor molecule in thylakoid membrane.
Electron-acceptor molecule (NADH or FAD) transfers e- along a series of electron-carriers to photosystem I.

20. Photosystem I transfers the electrons to protein called ferrodoxin.
Cellular Energy
Ferrodoxin transfers the electrons to the electron carrier NADP+, forming the energy-storing molecule NADPH.

21. Phase Two: The Calvin Cycle
Cellular Energy
Phase Two: The Calvin Cycle
In 2nd phase of photosynthesis, called Calvin cycle, energy is stored in organic molecules such as glucose.
Why?

22. Chapter 8
Cellular Energy

23. Calvin Cycle Processes in Calvin Cycle
Cellular Energy
Calvin Cycle
WHY?
Because NADPH & ATP provide cells with LOTS of energy, but not for a long time. So, 2nd phase of photosynthesis stores energy in glucose.
Processes in Calvin Cycle
6 CO2 molecules combine w/ 6 x 5-C compounds to form 12 x 3-C molecules called 3-PGA.
The chemical energy stored in ATP & NADPH is transferred to the 3-PGA molecules to form high-energy molecules called G3P.

24. Cellular Energy
2 G3P molecules leave the cycle to be used for production of glucose and other organic compounds.
Enzyme called rubisco converts remaining 10 G3P molecules into 5-C molecules called RuBP.
These molecules combine with new CO2 molecules to continue the Calvin cycle.

25. Section 2 Vocabulary thylakoid granum stroma pigment NADP+
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Vocabulary
Section 2
thylakoid
granum
stroma
pigment
NADP+
Calvin cycle
rubisco

26. Where in the plant cell does photosynthesis take place?
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.2 Formative Questions
Where in the plant cell does photosynthesis take place?
chloroplasts
Golgi apparatus
mitochondria
vacuoles A B C D
FQ 5

27. Which range of wavelengths is reflected by chlorophylls a and b?
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.2 Formative Questions
Which range of wavelengths is reflected by chlorophylls a and b? nm nm nm A B C
FQ 6

28. Which mechanism of photosynthesis uses
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.2 Formative Questions
Which mechanism of photosynthesis uses
the movement of hydrogen ions (H+) across
a concentration gradient to synthesize ATP?
absorption
chemiosmosis
electron transport
C2 pathway A B C D
FQ 7

29. How are the C4 pathway and the CAM pathway
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.2 Formative Questions
How are the C4 pathway and the CAM pathway
an adaptive strategy for some plants?
They accelerate photosynthesis.
They release more oxygen.
They help the plant conserve water.
They reduce the requirement for ATP. A B C D
FQ 8

30. Overview of Cellular Respiration
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.3 Cellular Respiration
Overview of Cellular Respiration
Organisms obtain energy in a process called cellular respiration.
The equation for cellular respiration is the opposite of the equation for photosynthesis.

31. Cellular respiration occurs in two main parts.
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.3 Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration occurs in two main parts.
Glycolysis
Aerobic respiration

32. Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.3 Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm through the process of glycolysis.
Two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH are formed for each molecule of glucose that is broken down.

33. Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.3 Cellular Respiration
Krebs Cycle
Glycolysis has a net result of two ATP and two pyruvate.
Most of the energy from
the glucose is still contained in
the pyruvate.
The series of reactions
in which pyruvate is broken
down into carbon dioxide is called
the Krebs cycle.

34. Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.3 Cellular Respiration
The net yield from the Krebs cycle is six CO2 molecules, two ATP, eight NADH, and two FADH2.

35. Chapter 8
Cellular Energy

36. Final step in the breakdown of glucose
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.3 Cellular Respiration
Electron Transport
Final step in the breakdown of glucose
Point at which ATP is produced
Produces 24 ATP

37. Anaerobic Respiration
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.3 Cellular Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
The anaerobic pathway that follows glycolysis
Two main types
Lactic acid fermentation
Alcohol fermentation
Cellular Respiration

38. Section 3 Vocabulary anaerobic process aerobic respiration
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Vocabulary
Section 3
anaerobic process
aerobic respiration
aerobic process
glycolysis
Krebs cycle
fermentation

39. What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration?
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.3 Formative Questions
What is the overall purpose of cellular
respiration?
to make ATP
to process H2O
to store glucose
to deliver oxygen A B C D
FQ 9

40. Which represents the general sequence of cellular respiration?
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.3 Formative Questions
Which represents the general sequence of
cellular respiration?
TCA cycle  chemiosmosis  glycolysis
glycolysis  Krebs cycle  electron transport
electron absorption  catalysis  phosphorylation
aerobic pathway  anaerobic pathway  fermentation A B C D
FQ 10

41. Which stage of cellular respiration is the anaerobic process?
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.3 Formative Questions
Which stage of cellular respiration is the
anaerobic process?
glycolysis
Krebs cycle
electron transport A B C
FQ 11

42. CoA CO2 FADH2 NADH Which molecule generated by the Krebs
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.3 Formative Questions
Which molecule generated by the Krebs
cycle is a waste product?
CoA
CO2
FADH2
NADH A B C D
FQ 12

43. Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Cellular Energy
Chapter Resource Menu
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Formative Test Questions
Chapter Assessment Questions
Standardized Test Practice
biologygmh.com
Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Image Bank
Vocabulary
Animation
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.

44. Which statement describes the law of conservation of energy?
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Which statement describes the law of
conservation of energy?
Energy cannot be converted or destroyed.
Energy can be converted and destroyed.
Energy can be converted but not destroyed.
Energy can be destroyed but not converted. A B C D
CDQ 1

45. In which metabolic process are molecules
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
In which metabolic process are molecules
broken down to produce carbon dioxide and
water?
photosynthesis
cellular respiration
homeostasis
fermentation A B C D
CDQ 2

46. At the end of the Calvin cycle, where is energy stored?
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
At the end of the Calvin cycle, where is energy
stored?
NADPH
ATP
chloroplast
glucose A B C D
CDQ 3

47. Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Chapter Assessment Questions
Look at the following figure. Which part of the chloroplast is a sac-like membrane arranged in stacks?
grana
stroma
thylakoids
Golgi apparatus A B C D
CAQ 1

48. pyruvate is broken down into what compound?
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Chapter Assessment Questions
During the Krebs cycle,
pyruvate is broken down
into what compound?
H2O O2 CO
CO2 A B C D
CAQ 2

49. Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Chapter Assessment Questions
Look at the following figure. Which molecule is released when ATP becomes ADP?
phosphate group
water molecule
ribose sugar
energy cells A B C D
CAQ 3

50. A B Which metabolic process is photosynthesis?
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Standardized Test Practice
Which metabolic process is photosynthesis? A B A B
STP 1

51. At the beginning of photosynthesis, which
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Standardized Test Practice
At the beginning of photosynthesis, which
molecule is split to produce oxygen (O2) as
a waste product?
CO2
H2O
C6H12O6
3-PGA A B C D
STP 2

52. Which molecule helps provide the energy that drives this cycle?
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Standardized Test Practice
Which molecule helps provide the energy that drives this cycle?
3-PGA
CO2
NADPH
rubisco A B C D
STP 3

53. Which product of the Calvin cycle is used for
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Standardized Test Practice
Which product of the Calvin cycle is used for
the production of glucose and other organic compounds?
ADP
CO2
G3P
NADP+ A B C D
STP 4

54. What is the final step of cellular respiration?
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Standardized Test Practice
What is the final step of cellular respiration?
O2 and H+ form H2O.
Electrons and H2O generate ATP.
C6H12O6 is broken down into CO2.
NADH and FADH2 gain electrons. A B C D
STP 5

55. an increased demand for ATP
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Standardized Test Practice
What prevents pyruvate from entering the Krebs cycle and instead results in this pathway?
a buildup of CO2
a lack of oxygen
an excess of glucose
an increased demand for ATP A B C D
STP 6

56. Which is not a process that occurs in both
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Standardized Test Practice
Which is not a process that occurs in both
cellular respiration and glycolysis?
chemiosmosis
electron transport
glycolysis
production of G3P A B C D
STP 7

57. Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Glencoe Biology Transparencies

58. Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Image Bank

59. Visualizing Electron Transport The Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Animation
ATP
The Calvin Cycle
Visualizing Electron Transport
The Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

60. Chapter 8
Cellular Energy

61. Chapter 8
Cellular Energy

62. Chapter 8
Cellular Energy