1. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 webmaster@science-i.comwebmaster@science-i.com Supplemental instruction Cell respiration & Metabolism Aerobic respirationAerobic respiration Catabolism & AnabolismCatabolism & Anabolism Carbo., Fat, & protein metabolismCarbo., Fat, & protein metabolism Picture from http://view.picapp.com/pictures.photo/creative/close-woman-eating-hamburger/image/5284526 http://motivations4u.blogspot.com/2007/08/self-improvement-7- hot-tips-part-1.htmlhttp://view.picapp.com/pictures.photo/creative/close-woman-eating-hamburger/image/5284526http://motivations4u.blogspot.com/2007/08/self-improvement-7- hot-tips-part-1.html

2. Metabolism : All body’s process that transform energy. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

3. Catabolism C  A + B + energy Breaking down into smaller molecules Chemical reactions in Metabolism: Anabolism A + B + energy  C Form larger molecules Reactants Product Reactant Products   + energy Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

4. Mitochondia “Power house” Inhale: gain O 2 Exhale: remove CO 2 Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

5. ATP = ADP + 3Pi = An RNA Adenosine Nucleotide + 3Phosphates -Universal(Major) energy carrier ADP + Pi + energy ----> ATP ATP ----> ADP + energy + Pi Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

6. Cellular aerobic respiration (4 step) Glycolysis  (The transition step)  Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)  The electron transport system Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

7. NADH, FADH 2 -RNA coenzyme (derived from Vitamin) - ________________ -Used to temporarily store energy within the cell *The more reduced = the more energy it holds. NAD  NADH (Reduced/Oxidized) : at Glycolysis, Krebs cycle NADH  NAD (Reduced/Oxidized) : at ETC ( Electron Transport Chain ) electron transporter  Carried to ETC Reduced coenzymes carry high-energy electrons to proton pumps where ATP is then made(  ETC). Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

8. Cellular aerobic respiration -To obtain ____________ -Using _____ to break down glucose -Most occur in _______________ Energy or ATP O2O2 mitochondria O2O2 Glucose carbon dioxide water C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 …  …....  ……  _______  6CO 2 + 6H 2 O (glucose) _______ & __________________ can be broken down to recharge ATP. 36 ATP FATSProtein(Amino Acids) But, net ___ ATP per glucose.30 Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

9. -Occur in _________________. -Glucose needs to be traped!  Glucose 6-phosphate 1C 6 H 12 O 6  2 ________ + 2 ____ + 2 _______ 1glucose + 2NAD + 2ADP + 2Pi  2 pyruvates + 2NADH + (2H + )+ 2 ATP - Oxygen required? (Yes / No)Glycolysis Cytoplasm(Cytosol) *All cells undergo glycolysis in either aerobic or anaerobic resp. Pyruvates ATP NADH - produce ____________. - NAD  NADH (reduced / oxidized). 2 pyruvic acids Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

10. Produce ATP by ___________________________.Substrate-level phosphorylation In the Glycolysis, what is the first step? Glucose is phosphorylated to be trapped inside cell. (glucose-6 phosphate)Glycolysis Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

11. In absence of oxygen - Pruvic acids are converted to __________. - NADH  NAD (reduced / oxidized). - Lactic acid is converted back to glucose in the _________. In presence of oxygen - Pyruvic acids enter ___________.  converted to __________ there.  Kerbs Cycle! lactic acids mitochondria Cori cycle Acetyl-CoA Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. After glycolysis… Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

12. Krebs cycle (Citric acid cycle) -Occur in ____________. -Circular pathway -Oxygen required? (Yes / No) -NAD  NADH; FAD  FADH 2 (reduced / oxidized). -GTP  ATP. Mitochondria Begins with acetyl CoA Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Yield…. -1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH 2 per Acetyl -2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH 2 per Glucose Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

13. Krebs cycle -Aerobic respiration! -The Krebs cycle does not directly require oxygen. -None of the steps in the pathway directly use oxygen. -The activity of the Krebs cycle is closely linked to the availability of oxygen -In the absence of oxygen, the Krebs cycle is inhibited. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

14. -Occur in ____________. -Generates ATP from in _______ and ________ -Oxygen required? (Yes / No) -NADH, FADH2 ---  NAD, FAD (reduced/ oxidized) Yield…. -32 ATP per Glucose Electron transport system (ETC) -Series of Redox Rxns. Mitochondria NADHFADH 2 * Most ATPs are produced during (glycolysis / Krebs Cycle / ETC). -Produce ATP by ___________________________. -What is the final electron acceptor? Oxygen! oxidative phosphorylation Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

15. http://archive.biosci.uga.edu/1996/spring_96/bio_104/notes/may_28.html ATP can be made 2 ways: Direct (substrate-level) phosphorylation - Where ATP is generated when bonds break. -“Spliting sugar” in glycolysis  2ATPs/glucose in cytoplasm. - GTP  ATP in Kreb’s cycle  2ATPs/glucose in mitochondria. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

16. Oxidative phosphorylation in ETC -Oxidative phosphorylation in ETC -Protons cannot easily diffuse back through membrane. -Protons activate ATP synthase that ADP + Pi  ATP -30-32 ATPs made this way. -inner membrane of mitochondria. * ATP synthase :Enzyme that can synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

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19. -Oxygen (required /not required) to make ATP. -only yields net gain of 2 ATPs per glucose. -Occurs in skeletal and heart muscle. when _______________________ -___________________________ to produce ATP. -Red Blood Cells respire anerobically. Why? _____________________ -Skeletal muscle lasts (longer/shorter) than heart tissue under anaerobic conditions. Anaerobic respiration Substrate level phosphorylation O2 falls below critical levels. Don’t have mitochondria Aerobic respiration -Using _______ to make ATP. -Starts when pyruvate enters mitochondria. -___________________________ to produce ATP. Oxygen Substrate level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

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21. Cellular anaerobic respiration -To obtain ____________ in _________. -To break down glucose, oxygen required? (Yes / No) -Most occur in _____________ and ___________ -__ ATPs per glucose Energy or ATP C 6 H 12 O 6  2 pyruvate  2 C 3 H 6 O 3 + 2ATP (glucose) (lactic acid) -When the cells use anaerobic respiration? ONLY when oxygen levels in the body are too low for aerobic respiration. 2 Glycolysis Bursts of exercise when no increased breathing has occurred. -Temporarily switch to anaerobic respiration. skeletal muscle Red blood cells Do not have mitochondria cytoplasm Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

22. Why do we feel fatigue after prolonged exercise? Lactic acid accumulation causes muscle fatigue (temporary weakness and burning sensation) Sustained exercise -(increases/decreases) breathing rate to get more ____. -(increases/decreases) heart rate to ____________________. -Lactic acid fermentation happens in _____________ frequently. O2O2 supply more O 2 to cells skeletal muslce Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

23. C 6 H 12 O 6  2 pyruvate  2 C 3 H 6 O 3 + 2ATP (glucose)(lactic acid) Backward! Cori Cycle -Lactic acid  Glucose -Usually muscle cells (anaerobic cells ) release their _________ into the blood.  The blood carries the lactic acid to the _____.  The liver makes _______.  The glucose is used by _______. From anaerobic respiration lactic acid liver C 6 H 12 O 6  2 C 3 H 6 O 3 + 2ATP (glucose) (lactic acid) glucose cells Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

24. ___________ - breaks it down. - Liver & muscle Glucose is stored as ________ in skeletal muscle & liver.glycogen ______________ -results in the generation of glucose. -Mainly _____ can produce a form of glucose and release glucose into the blood. liver ___________ - generates glycogen. - Liver & muscle. GlycogenesisGlycogenolysis Gluconeogenesis Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

25. What if the cell has adequate amounts of ATP…… Glucose Glucose is converted to _________________ and __________.Glycogen (storage form) in the liver and skeletal muscle Fats Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

26. Review lipids…. Picture from http://www.dtc.ucsf.edu/type2/health-management/diet-and-nutrition/your-blood-lipids.htmlhttp://www.dtc.ucsf.edu/type2/health-management/diet-and-nutrition/your-blood-lipids.html _____________- major component of cell membranes; Acts as surfactant ____________- Formed in adipose tissue ____________- made up of hydrocarbon rings; cholesterol ____________- variant fatty acids ;many regulatory functions- tend to act where they are produced Phospholipids Triglyceride Steroid Prostaglandins Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

27. Picture from http://www.nature.com/nri/journal/v6/n10/fig_tab/nri1937_F1.html http://www.livercare101.com/http://www.nature.com/nri/journal/v6/n10/fig_tab/nri1937_F1.htmlhttp://www.livercare101.com/ Formation of fat usually occurs in _____ (organ) and _______ tissue.adiposeliver glucose It is stored inside the liver cells and is converted to glucose, which is then released into the blood for other organs to use. “The liver is responsible for turning sugar into fat and for turning fat into sugar.” Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

28. __________ molecules are converted to fatty acids & cholesterol.  Lipogenesis ~ formation of fat. Acetyl-CoA When ATP is adequate and blood glucose level is high, …. Glycolysis does not Acetyl-CoA does not enter Krebs cycle. Picture from Dr. Wright Bio6 slide http://healthnews.ediets.com/diet-fitness/2008/08/emotional-eating-are-you-emotional.htmlhttp://healthnews.ediets.com/diet-fitness/2008/08/emotional-eating-are-you-emotional.html Insulin Insulin promote the entry of blood glucose into adipose tissue!  Anabolism! Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

29. Belly fat is stored energy. To get rid of the layer of fat you need to burn more energy (calories) than you eat. Picture from http://www.maximumbodybuilding.com/belly-fat-the-ultimate-danger-zone http://www.thedailygreen.com/healthy-eating/blogs/healthy-food/ http://surveillance-video- cameras.com/sur/?m=200908http://www.maximumbodybuilding.com/belly-fat-the-ultimate-danger-zonehttp://www.thedailygreen.com/healthy-eating/blogs/healthy-food/http://surveillance-video- cameras.com/sur/?m=200908 Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

30. ____________ & __________________ can be broken down to recharge ATP.  catabolism! Lipids(Fats) Protein(Amino Acids) To make ATP, other than glucose….. Fat Fat molecules store energy most efficiently! 9 kcal energy/gram of fat 9 kcal energy/gram of fat 4 kcal energy/gram for carbohydrate or protein Protein the next choice Protein is the next choice to breakdown to recharge ATP.  since it involve the loss of muscle mass. Picture from http://people.desktopnexus.com/wallpaper/96048/http://people.desktopnexus.com/wallpaper/96048/ Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

31. Glucose  Fat (lipids)  Protein Our body choose as a energy (ATP) source… Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

32. When fasting, ATP from breakdown of fats(lipids)…. Picture from Dr. Wright’s Bio6 slide http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Everyone%20Else/pages-3/Americans- urged-to-stop-sending-junk-food-to-starving-people-Scrape-TV-The-World-on-your-side.htmlhttp://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Everyone%20Else/pages-3/Americans- urged-to-stop-sending-junk-food-to-starving-people-Scrape-TV-The-World-on-your-side.html (or starving) Lipolysis ~ breakdown of fats (triglycerides) from adipose tissues. Ketone bodies can be used for energy. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

33. ______________ is the process by which fatty acids, in the form of Acyl-CoA molecules. Beta oxidation Beta-oxidation Acyl-CoA  enter Krebs cycle  APTs!!! can be use energy in a few organs can be use energy Picture from Dr. Wright’s Bio6 slide Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

34. Picture from Dr. Wright’s Bio6 slide Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

35. Breakdown of fats (triglycerides) from adipose tissues Picture from http://www.eufic.org/jarticle/en/food-nutrition-guide/fats/expid/basics-fats/http://www.eufic.org/jarticle/en/food-nutrition-guide/fats/expid/basics-fats/ Glycerol  used as energy Fatty acids  (beta oxidation)  Acetyl CoA enters Krebs cycle  APTs! Ketone bodies (energy sources) Fatty acids produce more APTs than glucose. catabolism! Do you remember? 9 kcal energy/gram of fat 4 kcal energy/gram for carbohydrate or protein. Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

36. Protein the last choice Protein is the last choice to breakdown to recharge ATP.  since it involve the loss of muscle mass. catabolism! Oxidative Deamination -_________ can be used for energy. -___________ waste products (urine) Keto acids Urea Transamination Transamination ~ one amino acid to form another Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com

37. amino acids(protein) _____________ from amino acids(protein) can be used for energy. fatty acids(lipids) _____________ from fatty acids(lipids) can be used for energy. Ketone bodies Keto acids catabolism! Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.comwww.science-i.com