1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION CHAPTER 8 & 9

2. ENERGY & ATP Compounds that store energy: *ATP*NADH *NADPH*FADH 2

3. –ATP chief energy storing molecule; composed of: –adenine –Phosphates –Ribose (5 carbon sugar)

4. High energy bonds

5. ATP does three types of work: –mechanical functions for cell –active transport for movement of molecules across membrane –breakdown and synthesis of large molecules

6. ATP releases energy when a bond between 2 phosphates (P) is broken –Becomes ADP + phosphate A – P ~ P ~ P A – P ~ P +P + energy (releasing P & energy)

8. ATP can be regenerated by bonding a phosphate back to ADP

10. SOURCES OF ENERGY Autotrophs -- organisms that make food from carbon dioxide and energy like sunlight; organisms that make their own food

11. Heterotrophs -- organisms that depend on autotrophs or other heterotrophs for food; organisms that cannot make their own food

12. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Energy from sunlight –Introduction to Photosynthesis Process in which autotrophs convert light energy into chemical bond energy of carbohydrates (sugar and starch)

13. –Pigment -- molecule that absorbs certain wavelengths of light chlorophyll -- absorbs violet, blue, and red light

15. Reflected wavelengths determine what color you perceive an object to be; Absorbed wavelengths provide energy for photosynthesis

16. History –Van Helmont’s studies of mass accounted for contribution of water to plant growth.

17. –Priestley’s “candle” experiments showed oxygen needed for burning and that plants produced oxygen.

18. Ingenhousz – effect shown by Priestley only occurs when the plant is exposed to light

19. Conclusion of all 3: –in light, plants transform CO 2 and water into carbohydrates and oxygen

20. Chloroplasts –organelle that performs photosynthesis thylakoid grana

21. LEAF PLANT CELLS CHLOROPLAST

23. Thylakoid - sacs of membrane, chlorophyll containing structure in the chloroplast Grana - stacks of thylakoid, light collecting photosystems Stroma - gel-like material

24. stroma thylakoid grana Chloroplast

25. Overview of Photosynthesis 6CO 2 + 6 H 2 O ---------> C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 –Occurs in the chloroplast –Produces glucose

26. - Requires light energy to start –Uses ATP & NADPH –Divided into 2 main parts Light Dependent Reactions Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

27. Light Dependent Reactions –first stage of photosynthesis requires light and water –Takes place on thylakoid membrane water is split O 2 is released Electrons are harvested and used to make ATP and NADPH

28. Light-Independent Reactions or The Calvin CycleLight-Independent Reactions or The Calvin Cycle –Takes place in the stroma –requires the products of the light-dependent reactions –CO 2 is used to build carbohydrates (glucose)

30. Visit “Virtual Chloroplast” www.scale.uiuc.edu/pb102/07/virtc hlor.html

31. Cellular Respiration Energy-Yielding Processes in Cells –Involves Breaking Down Food –Series of Chemical Reactions that Produce ATP

32. Two Main Types: Cellular Respiration Fermentation

33. Cellular Respiration –process by which glucose molecules are broken down to release energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + ATP (Energy)

34. –Fats, carbohydrates, and proteins may be broken down

36. Cellular Respiration (continued) –requires oxygen; aerobic process –produces 36 ATP molecules for each glucose molecule –reverse equation of photosynthesis

37. Overall Chemical Reaction Glucose + Oxygen -->Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP & Heat) C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 -----> 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy (ATP & Heat)

38. Complete Cellular Respiration has Three Parts: –Glycolysis –Krebs Cycle –Electron Transport Chain

40. Glycolysis –process by which glucose is converted to pyruvate and energy is released –occurs in the cytoplasm

41. During the process, glucose yields 2ATP and pyruvates

42. Krebs Cycle –Pyruvates used –Occurs in mitochondria –two ATP formed for each glucose

44. Electron Transport Energy from Krebs powers ETC requires oxygen occurs in the mitochondria (powerhouse) produces 32 molecules of ATP

46. Iworx.com/shocktest/overview

47. Fermentation –extraction of energy from food –does not require oxygen

48. –includes steps of glycolysis –produces 2 ATP molecules

49. Fermentation (continued) two important types include Alcoholic Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation

50. Alcoholic Fermentation pyruvate converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide carried out by yeast and bacteria

52. Lactic Acid Fermentation –pyruvate converted to lactic acid –carried out by fungi and bacteria in making cheese and yogurt

53. carried out by animals in muscle cells during early stages of strenuous exercise (blood cannot supply oxygen fast enough) – makes your muscles sore!

55. Anaerobic Respiration Some organisms do not ever use oxygen in the process of respiration –use sulfur, nitrogen, or carbon

56. Energy Flow in the Biosphere Making Food –most photosynthetic organisms produce more sugars than they need

57. animals eat photosynthetic and heterotrophic organisms when plants or animals die, their energy stores are released to the environment