4. Hyperthermophilic environments: Hydrothermal vents from: NOAA www.naturalhistorymag.com

5. Three stages of metabolism

6. Glycolysis 2 ATPs per glucose used 4 ATPs and 2 NADHs generated per glucose NET: 2 ATPs, 2 NADHs Many of the 3C compounds can be used in the synthesis of cell components.

7. Pentose Phosphate Cycle Glucose is also broken down by the PPC to make NADPH and biosynthetic intermediates Takes 3 glucose (18C) and converts them to: 2 fructose (12C) + 1 Glyceraldehyde-3-P (3C) + 2 CO 2 (3C) Generates 3 NADPHs in the process. These are used for reducing reactions in biosynth. Many of the intermediates 5C, 3C, 7C are used in the biosynthesis of cell material (see green dots on map)------->

8. TCA Cycle Pyruvate (3C) from gycolysis gets converted to AcetylCoA (2C) and a NADH which is added to Oxalacetic acid (4C) to give citrate (6C). The acetylCoA gets oxidized to CO 2, giving Oxalacetic acid, 3 NADHs, 1 FADH 2 and a GTP (converted to ATP) This happens twice (each glucose gets converted to 2 pyruvates in glycolysis). a-ketoglutarate is a very important intermediate used in biosynthesis

10. Fermentation pathways

11. Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chains Very similar to standard bacterial aerobic respiration chains

13. Relationship of electron donors and acceptors

15. Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chains Very similar to standard bacterial aerobic respiration chains

16. E o ’ of electron donors and acceptors in the mitochondrial electron transport chain

17. ATP synthesis by electron transport chains

21. Iron precipitation at near an iron mine: Iron rich (Fe 2+ ) anaerobic waters become oxygenated at the surface