1. Stage 1: GLYCOLYSIS

2. Glycolysis = “sugar splitting” 1o reactions that occur in the cytosol Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme OVERALL: Glucose (__C)  two pyruvate (__C each)

3. YIKES! We will break each step down, and then summarize the main points.

4. ATP _____________glucose to glucose 6-phosphate Glucose 6-phosphate (G6P): _____________________ ________________________________________________. MAIN REACTANT(S): ________________ ATP INVOLVED (+ or -): ______________________ PRODUCTS: _________________

5. G6P is rearranged to fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) Fructose 6-phosphate: __________________________ ________________________________. Carbon 1 becomes ________________ from the ring structure. MAIN REACTANT(S):___________________ ATP INVOLVED (+ or -):______________________ PRODUCT(S):____________________________

6. ATP _____________F6P to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate F 1, 6-BP: _______________________________________ _______________________________________________ Importance?:___________________________________ MAIN REACTANT(S): ______________________ ATP INVOLVED (+ or -): __________________________ PRODUCTS: _________________________

7. 4) F 1,6-BP split into DHAP and G3P 5) DHAP immediately converted into G3P by an isomerase enzyme. Therefore, ______ molecules of ______ formed. Importance?:___________________________________________. MAIN REACTANT(S): ______________________________ “INTERMEDIATE REACTANT(S): ____________________ __________________________________________________ ATP INVOLVED (+ or -): _____________________________ PRODUCTS: ___________________________________________

8. ____ ATP molecules are used in the first 5 steps of glycolysis. One is used in step ____ and one is used in step ____. In both of these reactions, _____________ groups are added to the initial _______________ molecule. This prepares the molecule for ___________. In step ____, ____________________ is split into __________________________________. The ____________________ enzyme immediately converts _____________ into _________________, resulting in two molecules of _________________. There are now ____ G3P molecules for each __________ molecule entering glycolysis.

9. STEPS 6-10 HAPPEN EXACTLY THE SAME WAY FOR EACH OF THE __________ MOLECULES.

10. A Dehydrogenase enzyme * catalyzes two sequential reactions: 1) NAD + + 2e- + 1P  NADH 2) Adds P i from cytosol to G3P. Regina Bailey, http://biology.about.com/http://biology.about.com/ od/cellularprocesses/a/aa082704a.htm For each Glucose Molecule: MAIN REACTANT(S):________________________________________ ATP INVOLVED (+ or -): :_____________ Energy-Harvesting Product(s):___________________________________ PRODUCT(S):_______________________________________________

11. ATP molecules are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation (one for each ____________ molecule) 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) is converted into 3-phosphoglyerate (3PG) What happened? ______________ ______________________________. MAIN REACTANT(S):_________________ ATP INVOLVED (+ or -):_____________ Energy-Harvesting Product(s):_____________________________ PRODUCT(S):__________________________ _____________________

12. Rearrangement of the phosphate group from C3 to C2 MAIN REACTANT(S):_________________ ATP INVOLVED (+ or -):_____________ Energy-Harvesting Product(s):_____________________________ PRODUCT(S):______________________________________ _________

13. 2PG is converted to PEP by removal of water molecule MAIN REACTANT(S):_________________ ATP INVOLVED (+ or -):_____________ Energy-Harvesting Product(s):_____________________________ PRODUCT(S):________________________________________ _______

14. Two ATP molecules are formed by substrate-level phosphorylation. PEP is converted to pyruvate MAIN REACTANT(S):_________________ ATP INVOLVED (+ or -):_____________ Energy-Harvesting Product(s):_____________________________ PRODUCT(S):_____________________________________________

15. ENERGY YIELD: ____ ATP USED ____ ATP PRODUCED ____ NADH PRODUCED ---------------------------- net: ____ ATP PRODUCED ____ NADH PRODUCED Note: ATP may be used immediately by the cell. NADH will be further processed to make more ATP.

16. For each mole of glucose produced: Glycolysis transfers only about 2.2% of the free energy available in 1 mol of glucose to ATP.

17. Majority of energy is still trapped in the two ____________________________ molecules and two _____________ molecules.

18. Glycolysis can be aerobic or anaerobic The first cells probably used this process to harness energy, and today, the simplest organisms continue to use it for all their energy needs. YIELD: ____ ATP molecules for every ____ glucose. This may be enough energy for the needs of some _________________ organisms, but it is not enough for _________________ organisms. All organisms carry out glycolysis.

19. Don’t spend a lot of time studying the ‘little things.’ You should look over the whole process, and identify what is important. What are some important steps/processes? INITIAL REACTANTS, ENERGY USED, ENERGY EXPENDED, REARRANGEMENTS OF MOLECULES, NUMBER OF MOLECULES INVOLVED. You do not need to memorize the names of the intermediate molecules.

20. Read pg 99-100 Section: “Mitochondria” Answer the following questions: 1) The process that produces ATP in mitochondria cannot proceed without ______________________. 2) What are the three stages of cellular respiration that occur within mitochondria? 3) Only _________________ contain mitochondria. 4) Where do prokaryotic cells carry out cellular respiration? Why? 5) A double membrane is referred to as an ______________. Where else have you seen this term? 6) The folds of mitochondria’s inner membrane are called ______________. It contains many _________________ and ___________________ imbedded in its _______________________ that participate in the reactions of respiration. 7) The mitochondrial matrix is a _____________________ liquid that fills the ______________________ space of a mitochondrion. 8) A fluid-filled ___________________________ lies between the inner and outer membrane. 9) What is the endosymbiosis hypothesis? What component of mitochondria helped strengthen this theory? WORK ON THE GLYCOLYSIS HANDOUT. FINISH IT FOR TOMORROW.