1. Medieval Western Europe
A Quest for Order

2. Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages: – 1250
Late Middle Ages:

3. Western Europe. In the “Middle Ages
The Medieval World—Conversion of Clovis links German barbarians with Christianity (496)
Problem of Order after collapse of Rome
Competing interests: single empire—reconstitution of Rome; Christendom under papacy; unforeseen third option—Dynastic States.

4. Europe in the 6c

5. Souces of the Medieval World
Memory of the Old Roman Empire
Memory of Greco-Roman Civilization
Emergence of the Institutional Church
Germanic Culture
Beginnings of Europe:
St. Remi baptizes Clovis

6. The Medieval Catholic Church
filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world.
monasticism:
St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
provided schools for the children of the upper class.
inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.
libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts.
monks  missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]

7. The Power of the Medieval Church
bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system.
the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe.
tried to curb feudal warfare  only days a year for combat.
curb heresies  crusades; Inquisition
tithe  1/10 tax on your assets given to the church.
Peter’s Pence  1 penny per person [paid by the peasants].

8. A Medieval Monk’s Day

9. A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium

10. Illuminated Manuscripts

11. Papacy Under Church fathers, early heresy is overcome—nature of Jesus.
Triumph of St. Augustine’s world view ( ) Civitas Dei
Leo I (440-61) and Gregory the Great ( ) elevate position of papacy—new converts accept papal supremacy.
Is Pope superior to Kings?

12. Papacy-2 Gelasian Theory Investiture Controvesy
Innocent III ( )
Gothic Architecture
Scholasticism

13. Romanesque Architectural Style
Rounded Arches.
Barrel vaults.
Thick walls.
Darker, simplistic interiors.
Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.

14. Gothic Architectural Style
Replaced Romanesque
Pointed arches.
High, narrow vaults.
Thinner walls.
Flying buttresses.
Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors.
Stained-glass windows.
“Flying” Buttresses

15. Cathedral At
Chartres—
Romanesque
And
Gothic

16. Cathedral at
Rheims

17. So Why Doesn’t the Papacy Prevail
Corruption
Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy ( )
Great Schism ( )
Failure of Conciliar Movement ( )
Success of Dynastic States

18. A Quest for a New Rome
Collapse of the Merovingian Dynasty—Les Rois Fainéants
Coming of the Carolingians—Charles Martel; Donation of Pepin
Charlemagne—Crowned 800 as H. R. E.
Treaty of Verdun--843

19. Charlemagne: 742 to 814

20. Charlemagne’s Empire

21. Pope Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800

22. The Carolingian Renaissance

23. Carolingian Miniscule

24. Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses: Treaty of Verdun, 843

25. Fedualism-Manorialism: Response to Collapse of Carolingian Order
Decentralized governmental systems—local nobles defacto rulers--feudalism
Reciprocity
Localized economies tied to self sufficient manors--manorialism

26. Feudalism
A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.

27. Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle

28. Parts of a Medieval Castle

29. The Medieval Manor

30. Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work

31. Feudal Socio/Political Order

32. Emergence of Dynastic States
Success in Western Europe—forerunners of England, France, and Spain
Interference of Papacy deterred evolution of more-or-less unitary states in the Italian Penensula and the Germanies until the 19th century.

33. Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy

34. Alfred the Great ( )
King of Wessex who wielded power over all of Heptarchy
Defeated Vikings (Danes)
Issued a Code of Laws for all the realm
Began the English Navy
Commissioned the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (measure of stability)

35. The Rise of European Monarchies: England

36. William the Conqueror: Battle of Hastings, 1066 (Bayeaux Tapestry)

37. William I—King of England (1066-1087)
Introduced Norman Feudalism into England—emphasized power of King (Salisbury Oath)
Domesday Survey
Great Council created out of Witan
Curia Regis established
Much central authority compared to earlier governmental arrangements in England

38. Evolution of England’s Political System
Henry I:
William’s son.
set up a court system.
Exchequer  dept. of royal finances.
Henry II:
established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.
grand jury.
trial by jury.

39. Magna Carta, 1215 Runnymeade “Great Charter”
King John I
Runnymeade
“Great Charter”
monarchs were not above the law.
kings had to consult a council of advisors.
kings could not tax arbitrarily.

40. The Beginnings of the British Parliament
Both tool of nobles and tool of crown:
1295—Model Parliament under Edward III ( )—included all classes of representatives—Nobles, plus Burgesses (towns) and Knights of the Shire (Counties).
by 1400, two chambers evolved:
House of Lords  nobles & clergy.
House of Commons  knights and burgesses.

41. Wars of the Roses Long View—1399-1485
Contingency—might not have been necessary if Henry V had lived a long time.
Contingency—Richard III’s image and usurpation gave Tudors a chance to press the Lancastrian claim.
Henry VII not only had to prevail at Bosworth Field, he and his descendants had to create mythologies and interests that supported a nascent nationalism.
Dynastic State as alternative to feudal-based Civil War.

42. Long View: Wars of the Roses

43. The Rise of European Monarchies: France

44. Dynastic State in France
Hugh Capet (r ) held exclusive title to Ile de France.
Louis VI (r ) added to Capetian lands and crushed nobles who resisted.
Philip II (r ) was first French King to be more powerful than any of his Vassals.
Philip IV (r ) intimidated Pope Boniface VIII, leading College of Cardinals to name a Frenchman Pope.
Louis IX (r ) used nationalism—hatred of English and defeated Duke of Burgundy—master of “real politik”

45. Waning of the Middle Ages
Crusades
Rise of Towns and Cities
Trade
End of Scholastic Consensus

46. Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade

47. Christian Crusades: East and West

48. Medieval Universities

49. Oxford University

50. Late Medieval Town Dwellings

51. Medieval Trade

52. Medieval Guilds Guild Hall
Commercial Monopoly:
Controlled membership apprentice  journeyman  master craftsman
Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
Controlled prices

53. Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Shop

54. Crest of a Cooper’s Guild