4. 1.Travel by Sea a.Fairly inexpensive b.Rooms were only for crew or very wealthy c.Sailed from port to port and primarily during the day d.Shipping stopped for winter e.Only large grain ships from Egypt ventured into the open sea f.Little risk of piracy under the empire

5. 2.Travel by Land a.Roman Roads iPrimarily built to speed the movement of military troops iiSome Roman roads and bridges are still in use today! iiiRoman roads in the New Testament oVia Appia traveled by Paul on his way to Rome from Puteoli oVia Egnatia traveled by Paul from Neapolis to Thessalonica b.Accommodations iInns were filthy and corrupt, usually brothels iiHospitality was thus a great value

11. B. Coinage

12. C.Taxation 1.Taxation and Census (Luke 2:1) 2.Types of Taxes (Tributa) a.Tributum Soli on agricultural produce b.Tributum Capitis on other forms of property iMatthew 17:25 iiMatthew 22:19

13. C.Taxation c.Vectigalia (telos in Matthew 17:25) indirect taxes iPortoria or “frontier dues” most important iiSolely for revenue, not to control production or trade iiiCollection of these were contracted out to publicani oA certain sum was agreed to go to the government oAmounts above sum were profit for the collector oThis system encouraged corruption (Imagine that!)

14. 3.Tax Collectors or Publicans a.Publicani were Romans from the equestrian (knight) class b.The contemptuous attitude toward tax collectors was not due so much to financial extortion as to the perception of aiding the enemy c.The “tax collectors” in the gospels were not publicani iZaccheus and Matthew likely collected taxes on the trade routes through Jericho and Galilee respectively iiBoth were likely under the employment of Herod Antipas

15. A.Clothing 1.Chiton (Gk.) = tunic (Lt.) = undergarment a.Worn by women and men b.Worn by workers on the job c.Matthew 5:40, Luke 6:29, John 19:23, Jude 1:23 Doric Ionic

16. A.Clothing 2.Himation (Gk.) = pallium or palla (Lt.) = outer garment a.Worn over the chiton b.Iconic attire of Christ c.Eventually worn by Greek women in place of Peplos iPeplos was tubular piece of cloth iiHimation was rectangular piece of cloth 3.Toga (Lt.) a.Primarily worn by upper-class Romans b.Senatorial class had a purple stripe on the edge of toga

17. B.Hair and Head Coverings 1.Veils were more like hoods a.Worn by women whenever out of the house b.Worn by men during certain religious ceremonies 2. 2.Elaborately braided hair was worn by the rich (and the want-to-be-rich) 1 Timothy 2:9