1. BBA 15 JAAR SYMPOSIUM Rotterdam 11 March 2011 Trends in Indoor Air Quality Research Lars Gunnarsen Statens Byggeforskningsinstitut

2. Indoor climate research Pleasure Comfort Produktivity Sickliness Avoidance of dangers Reproduction possible

4. Cumulative chart of time spent at home for different age groups Danes spend in average 16.3 hours at home on a weekday 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 242220181614121086420 Average number of hours at home per weekday Persons (%) 16-2425-4445-6667-7980+

5. Cumulative chart of dwelling area Average dwelling area is 48,9m 2 per person and 123,9m 2 per household

6. Introduction  Cost of the indoor climate 2500 euro/m 2. Half of all investments  Building envelope Volume/surface: 0.5 m. Many microclimates  Ventilation 0.5-5 h -1. 0.3 – 3 l/s m 2 floor  Adverse effects of the indoor climate contra its protective effects  Intake fractions (single person) An apple80% A cigarette (the smoker)30% Air pollution from candle0.01% Air pollution from car in street0.00000001% Air pollution from power plant10 -14

7. Definitions The definition of Health: Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19-22 June, 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States Indoor climate is here defined as: All building related exposures that may impact the health of building occupants

8. Indoor air O 2 : 20,85 % CO 2 : 0,035% H 2 O: 1,3% (Volume) Exhalation air: O 2 : 15,3 % CO 2 : 3,6% H 2 O: 6,2% (volume) Produktion: CO 2 : 17 l/h H 2 O: 0,07 kg/h Sensibel varme: 100 W Consumption: Indoor air: 375 l/h (10,8 kg/døgn) O 2 : 20,6 l/h Adult human in sedentary activity (1,2 met) Lars Gunnarsen

9. Annoyance, symptoms and diseases

10. Poor indoor climate may result in annoyance and symptoms. Infectious diseases may to some degree be prevented by effective ventilation and large indoor space per occupant. Some indoor exposures impact the suffering of people with astma and allergy but the knowledge about importance of the indoor exposures for acquiring the diseases is rudimentary. At least four exposures indoor may lead to cancer. They are radon, environmental tobacco smoke, other combustion products and formaldehyde. Cardiovascular diseases may be developed as a result of exposure to environmental smoke and high levels of particle pollution. Noise and probably poor lighting may give stress that also may lead to cardiovascular diseases. Productivity is low in a poor indoor climate. Annoyances, symptoms and diseases

11. Annoyance within last 14 days At home 051015202530 Noise from neighbors Cold at feet Noise from traffic Temperature too high or low Draft Odor or stale air Noise from installations Vibrations Dwelling too dark Noise from industry Bad drinking water Static electricity Infra- or low frequency sound Skin irritation from hot water At least one Annoyed (%) Little or much annoyed

12. 051015202530 Noise in room Dry air Stale air Tobacco smoke Changing temperatures Dust/dirt Noise from other rooms Draft Little space Static electricity Bad illumination High temperature Unpleasant odor Low temperature Glare Cold at feet Noise from outside Annoyed (%) Several times per week or daily At work

13. Symptoms last 14 days – At home Brauer og Mikkelsen, 2002

14. Symptoms last 14 days – At work Brauer og Mikkelsen, 2002

15. Indoor airborne exposures

16. Radon Human bioeffluents Chemical substances Odors Asbestos Tobacco smoke Particles from indoor sources (High temperature surfaces, candles, cooking) Particles from outside Allergens of indoor origin (House dust mites, furred animals, moulds) Allergens from outside (pollen) Viruses and bacteria

17. Impact of outdoor sources for particle exposure indoor 1. 2. 3. 4.

19. Indoor air O 2 : 20,85 % CO 2 : 0,035% H 2 O: 1,3% (Volume) exhalation air: O 2 : 15,3 % CO 2 : 3,6% H 2 O: 6,2% (volume) Produktion: CO 2 : 17 l/h H 2 O: 0,07 kg/h Sensibel varme: 100 W Consumption: Indoor air: 375 l/h (10,8 kg/døgn) O 2 : 20,6 l/h Adult human in sedentary activity (1,2 met) Lars Gunnarsen

20. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0510152025303540 Ventilation rate (l/s pers) Dissatisfied (%)

25. Choosing construction products

27. Only for outdoor use

28. Humidity, mould and mites

29. 0123 NoneWeakSomeLarge Mould odorNone WeakSomePoverfull Visible mould 0 m 2 3 m Hidden mould < 0,5 m 2 1-3 m 2 3-10 m 2 < 10 m 2 Mould growth in adjoining rooms---- Growth in ventilation systems ---- Meget støv---- Samlet---- Risk of eksposure to mould

30. Humid air

31. + For allergens the Acute effects are valid for persons already sensitized to the relevant allergen and Chronic effects are valid for not sensitized persons. ComponentRisk identification Exposure assessment Dose-response assessment MoistureAcute120 Chronic120 RadonAcute333 Chronic333 Traffic particlesAcute222 Chronic121 Wood stove particlesAcute210 Chronic110 Allergens + Acute321 Chronic110 ETSAcute323 Chronic322 FormaldehydeAcute323 Chronic323 BenzeneAcute322 Chronic322 NO2Acute333 Chronic211 AsbestosAcute333 Chronic333 Knowledge in relation to Risk assessment of indoor air pollutants

32. ComponentRisk identification Exposure Assessment Dose-responce assessment LPSAcute323 Chronic321 GlucaneAcute210 Chronic110 OzoneAcute333 Chronic333 Acute211Ozone reactionproducts Chronic211 Acute110 Di(2-ethylhexyl)- phthalate (Inhalation) Chronic110 Acute110 Bromated flame retardents Chronic110 TrichlorethyleneAcute311 Chronic212 TetrachlorethyleneAcute321 Chronic222

33. Risk perception

35. General recommendations  Poor indoor climate may increase the risk of attracting infectious diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases and maybe allergy  Avoid moisturizing construction products for a prolonged time  Smoking should not take place indoors  Outdoor paints and other construction products containing fungicides should not be used indoors  Persons suffering from allergies in particular suffer from a poor indoor climate.  When selecting construction products it is important to select products with low emissions both of odorous compounds but also of other adverse chemical compounds  Many ventilation systems should be better operated and maintained.

36. Authorities are recommended to immediately prioritize the following:  Targeted information campaigns about behavior to obtain good indoor air quality  Improved guidelines for monitoring of the indoor climate quality especially in homes  To identify homes with especially high radon concentrations and to reduce the exposure  To investigate the need for reduction of the exposure to formaldehyde, benzene and carbon dioxide in the indoor climate.

37. We need new knowledge about how the indoor climate affects us especially in the following fields  We need a major investigation of the importance for public heath of the indoor climate in dwellings  We need to develop new knowledge about the possibilities for reducing the annoyance caused by ventilation systems  We need to examine the health effects of exposure to particles indoors from ventilation and the possibilities for reduction of this exposure

38. Complex exposures related to building technology that may indicate increased risk of ill health Dampness Ventilation systems Building envelope

39. Dwellings Open plan offices Ventilation Particles Asthma and allergy Dampness Hot issues