1. PRESIDENTIALISM AND REPRESENTATION INSTITUTIONS OF DEMOCRACY

2. WEEKLY READING Smith, Democracy, chs. 5-6 Modern Latin America, ch. 6, 11 (Andes, Brazil)

4. OUTLINE 1. Democratic challenges: survival and consolidation 2. Presidentialism or parliamentarism? 3. Proposals for reform 4. The legislative arena 5. The plight of political parties 6. The judicial branch 7. Sources of disenchantment

5. DEMOCRATIC CHALLENGES Survival and consolidation of democracy Avoidance of the past (and military coups) Questions: Would institutional changes help? Did prior crises result from institutional problems? And could they be repaired?

6. PRESIDENTIALISM OR PARLIAMENTARISM? Presidentialism: Head of government (president) is directly elected Fixed term in office Cannot be removed by legislature (except through impeachment) Selects cabinet ministers Head of government is also head of state Separation of legislative-executive powers

7. PRESIDENTIALISM OR PARLIAMENTARISM? Parliamentarism: Voters elect MPs MPs select head of government (PM) MPs approve cabinet appointments PM (and cabinet officers) dependent on continuing confidence of parliament Head of government (PM) is not head of state Fusion of legislative-executive powers

8. PRO-PARLIAMENTARY ARGUMENTS Avoid “temporal rigidity,” so crises of government would not become crises of regime Avoid polarization from zero-sum game Avoid paralyzing deadlock Thus superior durability of parliamentary regimes

9. PRO-PRESIDENTIALIST ARGUMENTS Clarity of fixed time horizon Checks and balances Democratic election of head of government Not the cause of immobilism (PR the cause) Empirical findings result from “selection bias”

10. PROPOSALS FOR REFORM Brazil Argentina Chile Why not?  Insistence on election of chief executive  Advent of polling, reduction of uncertainty  Low esteem for congress, parties  Politics of nostalgia

11. ENGINEERING PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS Electing presidents: Plurality vs. MRO MRO a “magic bullet” Reelection or not? Power domains: Constitutional or partisan? Bureaucracy, judiciary, military Decree authority

12. THE LEGISLATIVE ARENA Electoral Systems: SMDs and two-party politics PR and multi-party politics Effects of district magnitude Closed-list vs. open-list ballots The problem of term limits Institutional Performance: Essentially “reactive” legislatures Removing presidents?

13. LEVELS OF POPULAR TRUST (1996-2007) Church~ 70% Armed Forces~ 50% Media (TV+print)~ 40% Congress~ 30% Parties~ 20%

14. THE PLIGHT OF POLITICAL PARTIES Diversity of party systems Levels of popular confidence

16. Counting Political Parties: N = 1 / (Σ p i 2 ) Where p i is the proportion of votes earned by the i-th party (or, alternatively, the proportion of seats in the legislature)

18. THE JUDICIAL BRANCH Authoritarian Regimes  Control of courts  Emphasis on legalities  Rule by law ǂ rule of law Advent of Democracy  Deference to executive authority  Weak checks and balances  Extrajudicial killings (meta bala) A Continuing Challenge  Mexico: 1994 reforms, drug trafficking threats  Venezuela: packing of courts  Strong in Chile, Uruguay, Costa Rica; 12/18 countries in bottom one-third of all (World Bank on “rule of law”)

19. THE POLITICS OF DISENCHANTMENT Weakness of representative institutions + judiciary branch (i.e., rule of law) Constraints on modern-day democracy Inadequate policy performance Tendency toward “delegative” or “illiberal” democracy Thus 55% would support authoritarian government if it could improve economic situation (2004)

20. AND THE RISE OF THE LEFT Hugo Chávez, Venezuela (1998) Lula, Brazil (2002) Evo Morales, Bolivia (2005)… Reliance on democratic elections Vote as popular protest Possibilities of winning Challenge of governing