2. Answer the following questions on L21 1. Pretend that, due to the current horrible state of the economy, schools were allowed to be more creative in raising funds. Do you think it would be fair for students to pay money to add points to their grades? Explain why or why not.

3. Forms of Corruption: Pope used excommunication to force monarchs to obey the Church Many priests were illiterate Many clergy broke their vows of chastity Some officials lead lives of luxury and leisure Some clergy: Charged repentant sinners to see holy remains and objects (relics) Sold Church offices to the highest bidder (simony) Sold INDULGENCES

4. How was the power of the Papacy weakened? Babylonian Captivity (1305-1375) Philip IV (France) quarreled with the Pope over his power to tax the clergy Pope Boniface VIII was kidnapped in 1296 and was replaced with a French Pope (Clement V) 7 popes ruled from Avignon, France Many Christians thought these popes were only puppets to the French king

5. How was the power of the Papacy weakened? The Great Schism (1378-1417) Papacy moved back to Rome in 1376 French cardinals upset and elected a new pope, Clement VII Both Urban VI and Clement VII claimed to be the rightful pope Many Christians questioned the authority of the papacy

6. Why did Luther question Church practices and teachings? Troubled by idea that salvation was attainable through good works Interpreted St. Paul to mean the path to salvation was by faith alone (JUSTIFICATION BY FAITH!) Believed forgiveness of sins could only come from God’s mercy Angered by Tetzel’s sale of indulgences

8. What was his early life like? Son of middle class German parents Studied law Became a Catholic monk Highly educated Translated bible into German

9. How did his criticism …… Wrote the 95 THESES to start debate on Church’s abuses Published books and pamphlets questioning Church’s teachings Ideas for reform led to a new church Congregations chose their own ministers Worship of saints and holy days were considered sinful Mass conducted in Germans instead of Latin Clergy allowed to marry

10. Why did his reforms create widespread revolt? Peasants, believing everyone was equal under God, revolted against lords Princes, who wanted freedom from the Pope, seized Church lands Peace of Augsburg forced many to move in order to worship freely HRE Charles V, 1555, allows each German prince to choose the religion for is respective state

11. Anabaptists (1525) Founded by dissatisfied followers of Zwingli Thought Christians should not be baptized until adulthood Believed true Christians should form a separate community

12. Anglicans (1534) King Henry VIII of England King Henry VIII enraged by pope’s decision NOT to grant him a divorce from his wife Catherine of Aragon Believed the monarch, not the pope, was the supreme religious authority in England Broke away, but beliefs were almost the same as the Catholic Church

13. Calvinists (1546) John Calvin (French) PREDESTINATION God has predetermined who would obtain salvation Thought a disciplined, austere life would prove who had been chosen Geneva: Calvin created a church gov’t that used both clergy and laity Est’d a CONSISTORY: special body to oversee moral discipline

14. Why did Protestantism spread beyond Germany? Political leaders looked for ways to escape the power of the Catholic Church People were tired of Church abuses and corruption Charismatic individuals questioned Church teachings and provided leadership Rising literacy rates allowed for rapid spread of new ideas

15. L23: Writing Prompt: Imagine that you own a restaurant and have been in business for many years. Suddenly a new restaurant opens across the street from you. They offer a better selection of food, lower prices, and better service. Many of your customers go to them instead. How would you feel about this new competition? What could you do to get your customers back?

16. The Catholic Church’s Response to the Reformation Pope Paul III (1534-1549) Led the Counter, or Catholic Reformation Promoted reform minded cardinals in Curia Had Church abuses catalogued Called a meeting at Trent to deal with the growth of Protestantism

17. Council of Trent (1545-1563) Defined Catholic beliefs and corrected abuses Prohibited the sale of indulgences Outlawed simony Established seminaries to train parish priests Cleansed monasteries and convents of immoral clergy

18. Jesuits (1540) Disciplined and well educated order of Catholic priests Founded by Ignatius of Loyola Vowed absolute obedience to the Pope Used education to spread message Won Poland and southern Germany back into the Catholic faith Spread Catholic message across Asia, Africa, and the Americas

19. Inquisition (1542) Church court designed to seek out, judge, and punish heretics Imprisoned, exiled, or executed those with unorthodox views

20. Index of Prohibited Books (1559) Issued by Paul IV in 1559 to prevent the contamination of the faith or the corruption of morals of Roman Catholics according to canon law most famous banned author: Galileo List of banned books Catholics were forbidden to read List included Protestant bibles and some scientific writings

21. Key Facts to Remember for the Reformation: Luther’s Main Ideas: Salvation by faith alone Belief is based on Biblical scripture All are equal under God Problems in the Catholic Church: Political and financial power of Church over Europe Indulgences (not stated in Bible!) Corruption (simony: selling of offices)

22. Key Facts to Remember for the Reformation: The Lutheran Church was the 1 st Protestant religion Calvinism focused on: Predestination (different from Luther!) Austere life Consistory: body that checked on people’s moral behaviors

23. Key Facts about the Catholic Reformation Council of Trent Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings Opposed Protestant beliefs Good works AND faith needed for salvation Bible and Church were equal in setting out Christian beliefs Church’s interpretation of Bible was final Jesuits (founded by Ignatius of Loyola) Education Missionaries spread Catholic messages