1. Microbes

2. Figure 6.8 Characteristics of bacterial colonies-overview

3. Bacteriology: study of bacteria Mycology: study of fungi Protozoology: study of protozoa Phycology (or algology): study of algae Parasitology: study of parasites Immunology: study of the immune system Virology: study of viruses Nematology: study of the nematodes Microbiology: study of microbes

4. Bacteria: Classification and Identification Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology – Classifies bacteria via evolutionary or genetic relationships. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology – Classifies bacteria by cell wall composition, morphology, biochemical tests, differential staining, etc.

5. Bacteria: Classification and Identification 1.Based on shape 2.cell wall structure and Gram stain 3.cellular respiration 4.Growth factors (Energy Source and Nutrient Source)

6. Classify based on Shape Shape – Coccus – spherical, round, or ovoid – Bacillus – rod-shaped – Spirillum – spiral-shaped – Vibrio – comma-shaped Spirillum bacterial classification

7. Coccus Coccobacillus Bacillus Vibrio Spirillum Spirochete Pleomorphic Flexible Stiff Slightly curved rods

8. Some are: – Round – cocci Streptococci – chains Staphlococci – in groups or clusters Diplococci – in pairs Micrococci StrepStaph

9. Some are: – Rod– bacillus Streptobacilli – chains Staphlobacilli – in groups or clusters Diplobacilli – in pairs

10. VOCAB Enteric – of, relating to, or occurring in the intestines Nosocomal - originating in a hospital

11. Classify based on Gram stain Gram positive or Gram negative Gram positive bacteria appear purple Gram negative bacteria release the first dye used and appear red from the second (counter) dye Knowing Gram positive or Gram negative helps prescribe appropriate antibiotic The stain is named for H. C. J. Gram, a Danish physician who invented it in 1884.

12. Gram Stain

13. Gram Positives and Gram Negatives: Key Differences Gram positive have simpler, thicker walls, large amount of peptidoglycan Gram negative bacteria are thinner and have less peptidoglycan but more complex in structure An outer membrane on the Gram negative cell wall contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS) – toxic substances responsible for making Gram negative organisms more threatening than Gram positives

14. Gram Positives Two layers: Outer cell wall - thick peptidoglycan layer, composed of complex cross- linked peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, polysaccharides and other proteins Cytoplasmic membrane - contains proteins that span the lipid bilayer Special Components of Gram Positive Bacteria Teichoic Acids – anchor the outer cell wall to the cytoplasmic membrane by attaching to glycolipids – also act as antigenic determinants (important for the serologic ID of Gram+ organisms) Polysaccharides

16. Examples of Gram Positive bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes - causes strep throat Staphylococcus aureus - causes skin infections and may be responsible for boils

17. Gram Negatives The Gram negative cell envelope has 3 layers (not including the periplasmic space): A unique outer membrane A thin peptidoglycan layer Cytoplasmic membrane Special Components of Gram negative Bacteria Outer membrane – Complex, likely reason for difference in gram stain Murein lipoprotein – starts in the peptidoglycan layer and extends outward to bind the unique third outer membrane. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) – major toxins of pathogenic Gram negative bacteria – When the cell dies, LPS are released and can cause problems with organs or tissues

19. Examples of Gram Negative Bacteria Treponema pallidum - causes syphilis Escherichia coli - may cause severe gastrointestinal problems

20. Classifying Bacteria by Cellular Respiration Aerobic bacteria, or strict aerobes - require oxygen Anaerobic bacteria, or strict anaerobes - cannot tolerate oxygen Facultative anaerobics – are generally aerobes, but have the capacity to grow in the absence of oxygen Examples of Bacteria Classified by Cellular Respiration: Aerobic: – Bacillus cereus Anaerobic: – Clostridium spp. ( botulism, tetanus) Facultative anaerobes: – Staphylococcus spp.

21. Classifying Bacteria by Growth Factors Under this scheme, they are generally classified according to: Energy source Nutrient source Energy Source Chemotroph – chemical compounds as an energy source (most pathogenic bacteria are chemotrophs.) Phototroph - light as energy source Nutrient Source Heterotroph – derive carbon from preformed organic nutrients such as sugar (most pathogenic bacteria are heterotrophs.) Autotroph – derive carbon from inorganic sources such as carbon dioxide

22. The Prokaryotes

23. Modern Prokaryotic Classification Currently based on genetic relatedness of rRNA sequences Three domains – Archaea – Bacteria – Eukarya

25. Prokaryotic Taxonomy