1. The AURIGA experiment: updates and prospects BAGGIO Lucio ICRR on behalf of AURIGA collaboration The AURIGA detector re-started data taking in Dec 2003, after 4 years of research and developement, in order to improve the sensitivity. A brief overview of the results during last year will be given. Present international collaborations and future prospects will be reviewed. バッジョ ルー チョ アウリ ガ lbaggio@icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp

2. Topics of this presentation Collaborations Next steps and Summary The AURIGA experiment: run 2 Characteristics and setup of the second run (after Dec 2003) Burst analysis Main issues with burst search: duty cycle, detection efficiency, background events Memorandum of Understanding with LIGO, IGEC-2 agreement, contacts with VIRGO New low-frequency suspensions, ultra-cryogenic cooling, Other activities New cryogenic detector with optical transducer; the DUAL project

3. The AURIGA experiment: run 2

4. Old & New AURIGA detector 2003/12 1997/06 Cryogenic failure 1999/12 R&D

5. Main upgrades for the 2 nd run New mechanical suspensions: attenuation > 360 dB at 1 kHz FEM modelled 3 resonant modes operation: two mechanical modes one electrical mode New data analysis and data acquisition: C++ object oriented code frame data format Monte Carlo software injections (internal or MDC) improved noise matching algorithm selectable templates “New suspension system for the gravitational wave bar detector AURIGA” ( in preparation, to be submitted to Rev. Sc. Inst. ) 3-mode detection for widening the bandwidth of resonant gravitational wave detectors L. Baggio, M. Bignotto, M. Bonaldi, M. Cerdonio, L. Conti, P. Falferi, N. Liguori, A. Marin, R. Mezzena, A. Ortolan, S. Poggi, G. A. Prodi, F. Salemi, G. Soranzo, L. Taffarello, G. Vedovato, A. Vinante, S. Vitale, and J. P. Zendri ( submitted to Phys. Rev D. )

6. The new suspension system (1) (a,b,c,d,e,f) are resonances of the suspension predicted by FEM Attenuation & Internal modes frequency (-240DB wide band  FEM) Quality factor Yield strength (no more than 25% to avoid creeps) Ultracryogenic (0.1 K) compatibility (no thermal short-circuit with 4K container, good thermal link to diluition refrigerator) Vacuum compatibility (10 -6 mb  no rubber)

7. The new suspension system (2)

8. Noise Temperature (  ) Temperature (K) ■ Two-stage SQUID: T n (h) = 97 + 78T(K) ● Single stage SQUID: T n (h) = 1280 +300T(K)  three resonant modes operation: two mechanical modes one electrical mode  new SQUID amplifier : double stage SQUID 650  energy resolution at 4.5 K in the detector  transducer bias field 8 MV/m New transducer & amplifier

9. Raw data & calibration Frequency [Hz] Fit of the psd with ARMA noise model 1 2 3 Mechanical transfer function (response to force applied by a electromechanical actuator attached to the bar) Fully-automatic adaptive noise matching algorithm enbedded in AURIGA data analysis

10. Temperature of normal modes T [ K ] date13-15 Nov. 2004 mode 1mode 2mode 3 Monday morning

11. Noise budget expected at 4.5K Very good agreement with noise predictions All these noise sources will scale with temperature single-sided S hh S hh 1/2 < 5·10 -21 Hz -1/2 over 90 Hz

12. Burst analysis (matched filter)

13. Typical sensitivity to bursts H [Hz -1 ] 10 -21 –   [Hz -1 ] 2004, Nov 13-15 (weekend) Template:

14. Time of arrival error estimate (Monte Carlo)

15. Unexpected non-linear, non stationary noise unmodeled spurious noise peaks within the sensitivity bandwidth not related to the dynamical linear response of the detector non gaussian statistics related to mechanical external disturbances  up-conversion of low frequency noise

16. Epoch vetoes and goodness-of-fit tests SNR Time [day] Epoch vetoes from out-of-band information with template information, further improvement comes from check of compliance

17. Amplitude distribution of events AURIGA Nov. 13-14, 2004 Remaining events after vetoing vetoed glitches epoch vetoes (50% of time) cumulative event rate above threshold false alarm rate [hour -1 ] after vetoing Background events: approaching the gaussian tail

18. Duty cycle low-frequency mechanical attenuators

19. Additional room-temperature vibration attenuators

20. Performances after the upgrade of suspensions 10 days of stationary gaussian operation: < 2 outliers/day ~60% duty cycle for gaussian data SNR counts Experimental data Simulated data (gaussian noise) 2004 Dec 03-13 (after vetoes)

21. Collaborations

22. International Gravitational Event Collaboration AURIGA is member of the IGEC since its foundation in 1997. IGEC HP: http://igec.lnl.infn.it Main results in: P. Astone et al., “ Methods and results of the IGEC search for burst gravitational waves in the years1997-2000 ”, Phys. Rev. D 68 (2003) 022001 (also on astro-ph/0302482) IGEC-2 Agreement, Jan 17 th 2005 The groups running the four bar detectors ALLEGRO, AURIGA, EXPLORER, NAUTILUS have signed a Letter of Intent to perform a new joint observation starting from 2004 available data. The approach of this new joint observation, will be based on the previous IGEC experience. The observation times of the participating detectors will be coordinated. IGEC-2 is open to agreements with other projects sharing the same scientific objectives.

23. LIGO-AURIGA MoU A Memorandum of understanding between the experiment AURIGA and the LIGO project has been recently signed, for the purposes of joint data analysis and dissemination of results 2004/07/12 LIGO-M040010-00-M (MoU) 2004/07/12 LIGO-M040191-00-M (Attachment 1) 2004/07/12 LIGO-M040198-00-M (Membership list)

24. Joint LIGO-AURIGA working group activity Document Type LIGO-T040202-00 2004/10/13 Proposal for the First AURIGA-LIGO Joint Analysis L. Baggio, L Cadonati, S. Heng, W. Johnson, A. Mion, S. Poggi, G.A. Prodi, A. Ortolan, F. Salemi, P. Sutton, G.Vedovato, M. Zanolin 1 st STEP Cross-correlation between LIGOs (L1, H1 & H2) around the times of AURIGA triggers  Analysis of S3 data in progress 2 nd STEP Implementation of IGEC-like analysis (self adapting directional coincidence search between candidate event lists from each detector) STEP-ZERO Outline of the most interesting analysis to be performed based on preliminary study of sensitivity and efficiency of the detectors

25. LIGO-AURIGA MoU A working group for the joint burst search in LIGO and AURIGA has been formed, with the purpose to: » develop methodologies for bar/interferometer searches, to be tested on real data » time coincidence, triggered based search on a 2-week coincidence period (Dec 24, 2003 – Jan 9, 2004) » explore coherent methods ‘best’ single-sided PSD Simulations and methodological studies are in progress.

26. White paper on joint analysis Two methods will be explored in parallel: Method 1: IGEC style, but with a new definition of consistent amplitude estimator in order to face the radically different spectral densities of the two kind of detectors (interferometers and bars). To fully exploit IGEC philosophy, as the detectors are not parallel, polarization effects should be taken into account (multiple trials on polarization grid). Method 2: No assumptions are made on direction or waveform. A CorrPower search (see poster) is applied to the LIGO interferometers around the time of the AURIGA triggers. Efficiency for classes of waveforms and source population is performed through Monte Carlo simulation, LIGO-style (see talks by Zweizig, Yakushin, Klimenko). The accidental rate (background) is obtained with unphysical time-shifts between data streams.

27. Other activities

28. Optical readout for a bar detector bar Transducer cavity: a Fabry-Perot cavity between the bar and the resonant Reference cavity: a stable Fabry-Perot cavity acting as length reference Laser frequency locked to the reference cavity Working principle: Variations of the transducer cavity length are measured by the stabilized laser bar

29. Room temperature prototype (2001) The readout mechanics L = 110 mm, FSR = 1.36 GHz, F = 44000 The reference cavity

30. Sensitivity of the room temperature prototype

31. New detector with cryogenic optical transducer (1) New transducer mechanics New bench on top of the bar with cryogenic-compliant motorized mounts for optics New cryogenic-compliant bar suspension New clean vacuum system New anechoic housing for the laser optical bench Higher finesse cavity Goal: acquire data from a cryogenic bar equipped with the optical readout The new reference cavity Sensitivity predicted at T=4K with already developed technology TO DO: New cryogenic bar housing (in progress) Transducer with optimized mass (after first tests)

32. New detector with cryogenic optical transducer (2) adaptater & pre-attenuationcables and optical phiber thermalization Lhe vessel single-column cryogenic suspension Direct thermal links from the Lhe vessel Roadmap: April: delivery of the cryogenic container Summer: assembling and testing Autumn: commissioning of the complete detector 2006: first measures

33. DUAL: concept In the intermediate frequency range: the outer resonator is driven above resonance, the inner resonator is driven below resonance → phase difference of  In the differential measurement: → the signals sum up → the readout back action noise subtracts Measurement of differential deformations of two nested bodies, resonating at different frequencies and both sensitive to the gw signal antenna pattern: identical to that of 2 interferometers at 45 degrees with respect to each other Dual cylinder isotropic antenna pattern: Dual sphere PRL 87 (2001) 031101 PRD 68 (2003) 102004 Two possible configurations:

34. DUAL: predicted sensitivity Mo Dual 16.4 ton height 2.3 m Ø 0.94m SiC Dual 62.2 ton height 3 m Ø 2.9m Q/T > 2 10 8 K -1, Standard Quantum Limit Current activity: Detector design seismic noise control (pre-filtering) high frequency (in band) mechanical vibration filtering underground operation Readout system Requirement: ~ 5x10 -23 m/√Hz Two concurrent studies: capacitive (+SQUID) and optical (folded Fabry-Perot, Phys. Lett. A 309, 15 (2003) ) readout

35. Next steps

36. New low frequency vibrational damping New external suspensions: “fast” assembling in April-June Air springs: effective above1-2 Hz

37. Past, present and future sensitivity

38. Further steps to increase the bandwidth T = 0.1K T = 0.1K and bias field x2.5

39. Detector sensitivity comparison