1. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Building Construction III UEMC2243 The Nature of Buildings BSc (Hons) Construction Management

2. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to Describe how the building process is carrying out Assess the requirements of a Building Explain the development on the nature of Building

3. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Overview The Building Process The Requirements of a Building The Nature of Building –Building as an organisational process –Building as a technology

4. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Buildings exist to meet a primary physical human need – that of shelter. Shelter for man, his goods, his animals and all the mechanical and electrical equipment. The Building…

5. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Buildings do not exist in isolation. They are conceived to house and support a range of human activities in response to socialcultural, economic, and political needs, and erected in natural built environments that constrain as well as offer opportunities for development… The Building…

6. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. We should therefore carefully consider the environmental forces that a building site presents in planning the design and construction of buildings. The Building…

7. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. The Building Process From Idea to Reality Owners idea / need Select Design Professional(s) Develop Building Concept Feasibility Study Assemble Design & Engineering Team

8. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. The Building Process From Idea to Reality Develop Contract Documents Building Official(s) Compliance Review Contractor Selection Subcontractor and Supplier Selection Begin Construction Compliance Inspections

9. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. The Building Process Inception & Feasibility Outline Proposal & Scheme Design DetailDesign Productioninformation, Bills of Quantities, & Tender Action Project Planning, Operations on Site, Completion Feedback

10. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Key Project Stages

11. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. The Requirements of a Building Materials and technical ability Functional requirements Performance requirements

12. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Material and Technical Ability Who is Primarily Responsible for Construction Methods? The contractor shall be solely responsible for and have control over means, methods, techniques, sequences and procedures and for coordinating all portions of the Work under the contract (unless instructed otherwise)

13. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Material and Technical Ability Who Has Primary Responsibility for Building Material Selection? DEPENDS on Contractual Arrangements, often –Designer/Architect, with input from the –Owner for Appearance and/or Performance & the –Contractor for Cost, Availability, & Constructability

14. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Functional Requirements A good building must satisfy three conditions –Commodity: comfortable environment conditions –Firmness: stability and safety –Delight: aesthetic and psychological appeal ( Sir Henry Wooten (1624), The Elements of Architecture)

15. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Performance Requirements Appearance Durability Dimensional suitability Strength and stability Weather exclusion Sound control thermal comfort Fire protection Lightning and ventilation Sanitation and drainage Security

16. The Nature of Building Orgaizational Process Technology Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Design Production MaterialsConstruction Significance Choices Traditional Post- Traditional Component Rationalised System The Nature of Building

17. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. The Nature of Building Building as an organisational process Building as a technology

18. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Building as an organisational process Building process is concerned with the rational and economic use of the resources for building activity – men, materials, machines, money Building process involved two broad and related activities –Design –Production

19. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. A need to consider rational use of resources at the design stage Design Size Shape Space Design Size Shape Space Production Operation sequence Deployment resource Production Operation sequence Deployment resource Resources Men Materials Machines Money Resources Men Materials Machines Money Building as an organisational process

20. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. The Design Process Interpret Design Brief Schematic Concepts Yes Developed Designs Yes Working Detail Drawings Yes Contract Drawings & Specifications Yes No Time

21. The Nature of Building Orgaizational Process Technology Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Design Production MaterialsConstruction Significance Choices Traditional Post- Traditional Component Rationalised System The Nature of Building

22. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Building as a Technology In the past a limited number of available materials resulted in a limited number of structural forms and methods of construction.

23. The Nature of Building Orgaizational Process Technology Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Design Production MaterialsConstruction Significance Choices Traditional Post- Traditional Component Rationalised System The Nature of Building

24. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Significance of Materials Traditional materials are bulky and heavy –Difficult to handle on site –Expensive to transport Search for new, lighter materials –Development of New building techniques New form of structure Require a scientific approach - building transformed from craft-based industry into a modern technology

25. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Choices of Materials Depends to a large extent upon their –properties relative to the environmental requirements –strength properties

26. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Choices of Materials Suitability Availability Cost Appearance Preference Building constraints

27. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Green Materials How long a material will last? Can it be recycled or reused? How much energy is expended in the whole process of producing from the basic material? What are the effects on the locality by mining the operations of the basic materials? What are the effects of these on the health of those involved in its production and use?

28. The Nature of Building Orgaizational Process Technology Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Design Production MaterialsConstruction Significance Choices Traditional Post- Traditional Component Rationalised System The Nature of Building

29. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Building Construction Design of the fabric of buildings and the manner in which it is put together draws on –the science of materials and structure –the environmental sciences –building economics

30. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Traditional Building Site fabrication Skilled craft work One-off building Fragmentation Minimum detailed information Very flexible Little fixed assets

31. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Post-traditional or Conventional Building New materials and developing techniques Large and complex buildings Efficient construction processes Skeletons fames - off-site fabrication Complexity in building services Specialised knowledge Detailed information Use of mechanical plant Declining craft work (but not eliminated!) Less flexible Greater investment of capital

32. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Rationalised Building Continuity of work - applying manufacturing industries techniques in erection process Standardisation Prefabrication Introduction of mechanical plant Consider deign of building and production operations at design stage

33. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Rationalised Building Efficient layout of the site A practical, orderly sequence of work Similar work to be done in series The rational use of prefabricated, standardised components The rational use of mechanical plant Early design consideration

34. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. System Building The component parts of the building are wholly factory produced and site assembled The component relate to each other only as parts of a single integrated system of construction

35. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. System Building Factory Production Reducing skilled site labour Reducing site operation time Higher overhead expenses Transport charges Need thorough coordination of design and production-assembly processes Close integration of factory production and site work – ensure continuity of operation

36. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Component parts of the building fabric are factory produced and site assembled Components may be used freely in conjunction with parts of the fabric constructed on traditional lines The production of the component is not limited to one manufacturer or developer Each component may be used with those produced by any other manufacturer Component Building

37. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Component Building Standardisation of components Coordinated dimension –Component may be related to component and component to structure, permitting a standardisation of each manufacturer’s products fits together with little adjustment.

38. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. The Industrialisation of Building Rationalisation of the whole process of building in order to achieve an integration of design, supply of materials, fabrication and assembly.

39. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Characteristics of Industrialisations Continuous, ‘flow-line’ production Standardised production Planned production Mechanised production

40. Copyright © 2006 by Chia Fah Choy, Faculty of Engineering & Science, UTAR. All rights reserved. Transfer advantages of factory to the site Transferring in situ fabricating operation from elevated heights to bench or ground level Steel formwork units Incorporating heating facilities to in situ concrete work Site casting on open casting beds or in temporary site ‘factory’ Enclosing the whole building operation in a translucent plastic sheeting and scaffold shelter Use of advanced automation using robots and computer control where applicable