1. Biol/Envs 160 – Plants Taught by Stuart Allison Winter 2013 http://courses.knox.edu/bio160/

2. What is botany? Botany is the branch of biology concerned with the study of plants – it is a very old science

3. Theophrastus – 370-285 BCE

4. Botanic garden at University of Padua Medical School – 16 th Century Illustration

5. Subfields of Botany Plant molecular biology – study of molecular and submolecular processes carried out by plants – much focus on photosynthesis as unique to plants Plant physiology – study of how plants capture and transform energy and how they grow and develop Plant cytology – study of cell structure, function, and cell life history Plant morphology – study of the form of plants Plant anatomy – study of the internal structure of plants Plant classification – may also be called taxonomy or systematics – how plants are evolutionarily classified and named

6. Subfields of Botany cont’d Plant genetics – study of heredity and variation Ecology – study of relationships between organisms and their environment – plant ecology focuses on relationships of plants to their environment Paleobotany – study of biology and evolution of fossil plants Economic botany – study of the uses of plants by people Ethnobotany – study of traditional uses of plants by various groups of people Agronomy – study of soil management and raising crops

7. Plants are: multicellular, eukaryotes (organisms with a nucleus and subcellular organelles), with cellulose cell walls, almost all plants are capable of carrying out photosynthesis using chlorophyll b and carotene pigments

8. Plants first evolved on land Plants originated on land and many of the adaptations that make them plants arose as a response to life on land – today we recognize four main groups of land plants – about 280,000 species

9. Four main groups of land plants bryophytes – true mosses, hornworts, and liverworts pteridophytes – ferns, club mosses, horsetails gymnosperms – seed plants with a “naked” seed – conifers, cycads, ginkgos, and gnetophytes angiosperms – seed plants with a “covered” or “vessel” seed – the flowering plants

10. Mosses - Bryophyta

11. Bracken Fern - Pteridophyte

12. Sword Fern Sori

13. Equisetum – Common Horsetail - Pteridophyte

14. Lycopodium – Big Club Moss - Pteridophyte

15. Gymnosperm - Ponderosa Pine

16. Cycad – Sago-Palm - Gymnosperm

17. Gingko biloba - Gymnosperm

18. Gnetophyta – Ephedra –Mormon tea - Gymnosperm

19. Gnetophyta – Welwitschia - Gymnosperm

20. Rosa californica – Angiosperm

21. Columbia Lily – Angiosperm

22. Plants: are the base of food chains for almost all life on earth modify the atmosphere by releasing oxygen store tremendous amounts of carbon in their bodies Thus knowledge of plants is essential as we deal with environmental problems

23. Plants: constitute the structure of our landscapes help form soils shelter animals control local climates refresh the atmosphere, and are even capable of cleaning up some pollutants. Plants are able to do all of those things because they are so fundamentally different from animals.

24. “An appreciation of plants is the sign of a superior intellect.”

25. Plant generations can cross thousands of years Methuselah – a Judean Date Palm

26. Arctic lupine

27. Plants have one major limitation

28. Mycorrhizae – association between a plant root and fungi

29. Pollination

30. Coevolution where two or more species evolve in concert with each other so that as one changes, the other changes in response to that change “In a broad sense, biological coevolution is ‘the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object’.” “Coevolution does not imply mutual dependence. The host of a parasite, or prey of a predator, does not depend on its enemy for survival.” »Quotes from Wikipedia

32. Human-Dog Coevolution

34. Apple – desire for sweetness

35. The sweetest fruit? Detail from ‘The Fall of Man’ by Goltzius

36. Tulip – desire for beauty

37. Cannabis – desire for intoxication

38. Potato – desire for control