1. If you were an onlooker, how would you describe your physical surroundings in these pictures? PROVE IT WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT OUR UNIVERSE? PROVE IT!

2. NO TECHNOLOGY NATURAL WORLD PERSONAL OBSERVATIONS The point is that if you had NO TECHNOLOGY and wanted to explain the NATURAL WORLD around you, you might let your PERSONAL OBSERVATIONS guide you! PRE-SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION SCIENTISTS & PHILOSOPHERS OPERATED THIS WAY! SCHOLARS WERE CURIOUS ABOUT: …what the universe looks like. …HOW the universe moves. …what “stuff” in the universe is made of.

3. SCIENCEMATHASTRONOMY NATURAL/PHYSICAL WORLD EXPERIMENTATION NEW SCIENCE …time period (1500s-1700s) when the emergence of modern SCIENCE, MATH, ASTRONOMY & a new way of thinking about the NATURAL/PHYSICAL WORLD challenged traditional (OLD or PRE-MODERN) views and relied upon EXPERIMENTATION & NEW SCIENCE. BIG PICTURE WHAT WAS THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION? ANSWER: WHAT IS WHAT DRIVES “WHAT IS & WHAT DRIVES a REVOLUTION?” …and WHO?

4. GEOCENTRIC THEORY Ptolemaic System (& the Ptolemaic System) EARTH WAS AN UNMOVING OBJECT AT CENTER OF UNIVERSE * EARTH WAS AN UNMOVING OBJECT AT CENTER OF UNIVERSE ! (WHAT?)… The moon, sun, and planets move around earth. CONCENTRIC SPHERES HEAVEN * Series of CONCENTRIC SPHERES – beyond planets lay sphere of fixed stars and HEAVEN (God). ARISTOTLE PTOLEMY * …ARISTOTLE develops in the 4 th century B.C. (PTOLEMY expanded theory in 2 nd century A.D.) SCHOLARS WERE CURIOUS ABOUT: …what the universe looks like. …HOW the universe moves. …what “stuff” in the universe is made of.

5. GEOCENTRIC THEORY Ptolemaic System (& the Ptolemaic System) SCHOLARS WERE CURIOUS ABOUT: …what the universe looks like. …HOW the universe moves. …what “stuff” in the universe is made of.

6. OLD VIEWS on SCIENCE MAGIC PHILOSOPHY & RELIGION OLD VIEWS (pre-Modern) on SCIENCE, MAGIC, PHILOSOPHY & RELIGION GEOCENTRIC MODEL ACCEPTED BY THE CHURCH 1.) Aristotle, Ptolemy & the GEOCENTRIC MODEL – ACCEPTED BY THE CHURCH! (traditional authorities – science focused on observation and sensory experience – no real technology to use) ALCHEMY ASTROLOGY MAGIC 3.) Belief and support of practices like ALCHEMY & ASTROLOGY (MAGIC was possible and believable) RELIGION CHURCH 2.) RELIGION & trusting the CHURCH! (Bible, doctrine, etc.) CHRISTIANITY “Why did CHRISTIANITY support this theory?” (taught God placed earth at center of universe, didn’t contradict Church) MEDICAL SCIENCE 4.) MEDICAL SCIENCE was based on 4 classical elements: fire, earth, water & air

7. SO, what changed? RENAISSANCE HUMANISTS HUMANISTS DISAGREED WITH ARISTOTLE INDIVIDUAL EMPIRICISM 1.) RENAISSANCE HUMANISTS mastered Greek/Latin (translated works of Ptolemy, Archimedes and Plato); HUMANISTS DISAGREED WITH ARISTOTLE! (preferred INDIVIDUAL thought & EMPIRICISM to a reliance on personal observation) Aristotle’s findings MIDDLE AGES * Aristotle’s findings called the shots during the MIDDLE AGES – BUT, was he right? NEW PROBLEMS NEW SOLUTIONS NEW TECHMATH 2.) NEW PROBLEMS (exploration) required NEW SOLUTIONS – which led to the development of NEW TECH. & MATH! TELESCOPECOMPOUND MICROSCOPEALGEBRADEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL GEOMETRYCALCULUS EX.) TELESCOPE, COMPOUND MICROSCOPE, ALGEBRA, DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY, CALCULUS, etc.

8. Dawn of Modern Science MIDDLE AGES/PRE-RENAISSANCE NATURAL WORLD * MIDDLE AGES/PRE-RENAISSANCE scholars sought answers about the NATURAL WORLD from the CHURCH (mid-1500s, others began to think in new ways) OLD VIEW PRE-MODERN OLD VIEW (PRE-MODERN) CAUSES OF THE SCI. REV. * TRADITIONAL AUTHORITIES Scholars relied on TRADITIONAL AUTHORITIES for beliefs about structure of universe (Aristotle, Ptolemy, etc.) GEOCENTRIC MODEL Aristotle & the GEOCENTRIC MODEL (Earth was center of Universe) CHURCH Ideas about natural world were upheld by CHURCH, accepted authority for European intellectuals 1.) CHALLENGE TRADITIONALAUTHORITIES 1.) Scholars (humanists) began to CHALLENGE TRADITIONAL AUTHORITIES (Aristotle) in the 1500s 2.) OPEN TO NEW IDEAS 2.) Why OPEN TO NEW IDEAS? EXPLORATION * EXPLORATION (new lands, new people, new animals, new curiosities) 3.) SCIENTISTS MATHEMATICIANS 3.) SCIENTISTS & MATHEMATICIANS began to think in new ways – posed theories, developed procedures to test theories (EVIDENCE & EXPERIMENT)

9. NICOLAUS COPERNICUS HELIOCENTRIC THEORY NICOLAUS COPERNICUS & the HELIOCENTRIC THEORY On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies 1543 HELIOCENTRIC SYSTEM * On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies (written in 1530, published in 1543), Copernicus proposed a HELIOCENTRIC SYSTEM (still wrong, though…) EARTH & PLANETS REVOLVE AROUND THE SUN * EARTH & PLANETS REVOLVE AROUND THE SUN! (circular orbit, earth axis) THINK * THINK: Why did Copernicus wait until he was on his deathbed to publish On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies? Answer Answer: he feared ridicule from scholars and persecution from the Catholic Church On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies COPERNICAN REVOLUTION On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies began the COPERNICAN REVOLUTION SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION (aka the SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION!) POLISH ASTROLOGIST & MATHEMATICIAN

10. NICOLAUS COPERNICUS HELIOCENTRIC THEORY NICOLAUS COPERNICUS & the HELIOCENTRIC THEORY On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies COPERNICAN REVOLUTION On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies began the COPERNICAN REVOLUTION SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION (aka the SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION!) POLISH ASTROLOGIST & MATHEMATICIAN

11. That’s what the SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION was aaallll about! HUMANKIND’S PLACE IN THE UNIVERSE …with new ways of thinking and technological developments, it gave Europeans a new way to view HUMANKIND’S PLACE IN THE UNIVERSE! * BIG IDEA NEXT TIME MATHSCIENCE TECH. PEOPLE CLEAR LOGICAL EVIDENCE * BIG IDEA into NEXT TIME: Advances in MATH, SCIENCE & TECH. by PEOPLE allowed scholars to demonstrate the proof of abstract theories with CLEAR & LOGICAL EVIDENCE!