1. Amoebic Dysentery (Amoebiasis ) Alex, Jeb, and Brendan

2. Diagnosis Daignosis: Amebiasis Reference Slide Parasite
4 Options: Giardia, Malaria
African Sleeping
Giardia
Amebiasis

3. Symptoms Fever Body aches Diarrhea Acute abdominal pains Dyhdration
Mild head aches
Disease symptoms
Loose Stool
Stomach Pain
Stomach Cramping

4. Treatment
Antibiotics
Lifestyle Changes:
Refugee Camps

5. Cells Infected
Large Intestine
Stool
If Left Untreated:
Diarrhea
Liver

6. Transmission of Amoebiasis
Caused by Entamoeba histolytica
Life cycle :
Ingestion
Excystation
Cysts
Out of body
Vectors
1. ent-a-ME-ba his-to-LI-ti-ka
Poor/developing countries
In USA, immigrants
1-4 weeks after contact has symptoms 2.
Ingest a mature cyst, and it will find its way to the lumen
It is asymptonatic here
However, it may make its way to other parts of the intestine and cause damage (histolytica refers to histo, tissue, and lytic, cell destruction (like lytic cycle in viruses)
Excystation: cysts become trophozoites
Trophozoits make more cysts
(1 is less mature, 4 is fully mature)[refers to # of nuclei]
Matrue cycts leave the body through fecal matter
Out of body:
Cysts have large cell walls thatc an orotect them
They can survive stomach acid and out-of-body danegrs
Vectors: contaminated food and water
Fecal matter even traces (Such as on uncleaned toilets) to mouth can be a method of transmission
Also, contaminated fertilizer

7. Preventative Measures
Individual vs. Community
Individual
Present and near future
Future Trips
Community
Practices
New installations
Iodine tablets
Estimated 50 million people have it worldwide (wiki)
Individual preventive measures similar to community
Present and near future: make sure to wash ands well, clean toilets
Not to share items like towels, clothes
For future trips:
Make sure to wash hands often
Don’t eat raw vegetables Don’t drink water or use ice cubes that does not follow below (includes sodas)
Boil all water, maybe pass through a 1 micron or less filter, then put in iodine tablets
THEN HIT THE THING FOR IODINE TABLETS
Try to use a proper bathroom if one is available
Preventive Measures (community)
Make sure water isn’t contaminated
Washing hands before touching food/doing something involving fecal matter (such as changing a diaper)
Clean bathrooms often
Don’t share things like towels
In “endemic areas”
Don’t eat raw vegetables Don’t drink water or use ice cubes that does not follow below
Install bathrooms in refugee camps
Try to use food that is packaged, from aid workers
Get iodine tablets for the water

8. Information on outbreaks
Cysts
Outbreak danger
Vaccine
A cyst
Cysts are very hardy; they can survive weeks in the ground and stomach acid
However, boiling water, iodine tablets and filters can get rid of them
The disease can be a major outbreak, primarily in poorer areas
90% of people who have it show no symptoms
No one is immune and everyone is at risk; there are no known vaccines or shots for it (however, scientists have some ideas on how to make one, by using genetic principles to try to shut down key genomes in the microbe)

9. Movies

10. Amoebiasis: A Historical Perspective

11. Geographical Distribution
Temperate-Tropical
Sub-Tropical
Africa
Geographical distribution is mostly temperate, tropical and sub-tropical
Map shows that it is everywhere
Especially dominant in Africa, developing world
Common in U.S. as well
Point out that where he visited is in zone

12. Populations at Risk Developing Countries All People Tropics Morocco
Everyone at risk for disease
Especially those in developing countries
Much more prevalent in developing countries, like Mozambique, where refugee camp is
Graph shows percent of people in Morocco (another African and developing country)
Talk about open toilets
Especially in refugee camp, not great, close quarters
No running water, easy contamination
Morocco

13. Cases World Wide Tropics 500,000,000 (10%) 50,000,000 (10%) Lifetime
Cure Rates
Mr. Duane
Causes about 20 deaths in U.S. annually
10-20 thousand people have it annually in U.S.
Approx 500 million (a little less than 10% world population) carry protozoan
Only about 1-10% of people diagnosed with disease each year
Up to 50 million annual cases
Most cases, non malignant, pass through body in months
Malignant cases, usually lasts for 1-4 weeks with treament
Cure rates are 86-93%
If untreated, can lead to serious and potentially fatal liver damage
Cycles, symptoms may subside, but pathogens still in body
Mr. Duane was diagnosed with disease, said it was a very unpleasant experience

14. Past Cases and Future Outlook
Chicago
No Vaccine
Similar trends
Recent outbreak was in Chicago, where over 100 cases were reported
Sixteen reported dead
Could spread to other cities, as 100,000 people exposed to disease
All developing countries will have trouble, and epidemics are common in the developing world
No vaccine, so cases certainly won’t go down
Will continued to be handled case by case
But generally in developed world, things under control
Epidemics will not likely spring up unexpectedly in developed world
Developing countries will always have problems

15. Amoebic Dysentery (Amoebiasis )