1. Emergence of Modern Science NS 1300 Dr. Brad Hoge Fall 2007 Chapter 25: Evolution

3. Historical Perspective Plato –Plato’s Ideal Aristotle –Scala naturae –Future Causes The Chain of Being

4. The Long Road to Recovery Linnaeus –taxonomy Hutton –gradualism Lamarck –evolution Malthus –populations Cuvier –extinction Lyell –uniformitarianism

5. Darwin Voyage of the Beagle Origin of Species Wallace –Natural Selection Mendel

6. Natural Selection and Adaptation Species Fecundity Stable Populations Environmental Resources are Limited Struggle for Survival Variation within Populations Differential Survivability Successful Traits Accumulate

7. Patterns of Evolution Homology Vestigial Traits Biogeography The Fossil Record

8. Modern Synthesis Theodosius Dobzhansky Sewell Wright Watson and Crick Ernst Mayr

9. Population Genetics Population Gene Pool Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1

10. Microevolution Natural Selection Genetic Drift Bottleneck Effect Founder Effect Mutation

11. Variation Variation Within Populations –Polymorphism –Gene diversity –Nucleotide diversity Variation Between Populations –Geographic variation –Sexual recombination

12. Fitness Optima Relative Fitness Selection –Directional selection –Diversifying selection –Stabilizing selection

13. Level of Selection Gene selection Species selection Population selection

14. Sexual Selection Sexual dimorphism Mate Choice Competition The Ant and the Peacock

15. Perfection Evolution is limited by history Adaptations is limited by survivability There are no future causes Chance happens Not all change is good

16. Macroevolution Biological Species Concept Ecological Species Concept Pluralistic Species Concept Morphological Species Concept Genealogical Species Concept

17. Genetic Isolation Anagenesis Cladogenesis

18. Prezygotic Isolation Habitat isolation Behavioral isolation Temporal isolation Mechanical isolation Gametic isolation

19. Postzygotic Isolation Reduced hybrid viability Reduced hybrid fertility Hybrid breakdown

20. Speciation Allopatric Speciation Sympatic Speciation

21. Examples of Speciation Ring Species Adaptive Radiation on Island Chains

22. Rates of Speciation Gradualism Catastrophism Punctuated Equilibrium

23. The Role of Development Allometric Growth Heterochrony Paedomorphosis Homeotic Genes

24. Rates of Mutation Genetic Clocks Mitochondrial DNA

25. Relatedness Morphology Genetics Phylogentics Molecular Clocks

26. Cladistics Tree Clade Monophyletic Groups –Shared primitive characteristics –Shared derived characteristics –Outgroups Parsimony

27. Earth History

28. Mass Extinctions End of the Permian –Anoxia –Flood basalts –Volcanism K/T –Bolide impact

29. Paleobiology – The History of Life Origin of Life History of Life

30. Humans

31. To Be Human Brain Size Jaw Shape Bipedal Posture Reduced Dimorphism Social Structure