1.  The DNA sequences of three species were compared. Species 1 is 94% identical to species 2, while only 85% identical to species 3. Species 2 is 89% identical to species three. Create a phylogenetic tree to represent the relationship between these species.  Name three ways of dating fossils in a rock layer.  What are homologous structures? What do they show about the evolution of the species that have them?  How can biogeography be used as evidence of evolution?  Define natural selection. What is the main driving force of the natural selection process.  List all mechanisms of evolution.  Differentiate between the bottleneck effect and the founder effect.  Differentiate between genetic drift and gene flow.  Give a specific example when mutations became beneficial.  What is artificial selection? How can we use it as an evidence of evolution?  How did Malthus contribute to Darwin’s theory of evolution?  How did Lyell contribute to Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection?

2. 1. Many crustaceans use their tails to swim, but crabs have reduced tails that curl under their shells and are not used in swimming. This is an example of: A. artificial selection B. a homologous structure C. natural selection D. a vestigial trait 2. Scientific theories are A. nearly the same things as hypotheses B. are supported by a large body of evidence C. cannot be tested because the events they describe occurred only once D. are predictions of future events

3. 3. Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, which develop from similar embryonic tissues. These structural features are examples of A. homology B. analogy C. Lamarckism D. natural selection 4. A certain population has only one type of allele for a trait. Can natural selection act on that trait? Why? Why not? 5. Who came up with the theory of evolution by natural selection? 6. Name and explain one specific example of evolution occurring in a population.