1. Bacteria vs. Humans Bacteria are all around you—in the air you breathe, under your feet, on your skin, and even in your body! They may be tiny, but they can still have an impact on your life. Use what you already know about bacteria to answer these questions. 1.In what ways are bacteria similar to humans? 2.In what ways are bacteria different from humas? 3.How can bacteria be harmful? Like humans, bacteria are alive, and some can move. Both obtain energy, exchange gases, grow, and reproduce. Bacteria cause diseases, release poisonous chemicals, and compete with humans for food. Unlike humans, bacteria are extremely small; some can live in harsher environments and without oxygen; some bacteria use sunlight to produce their own food.

2. Missed assignment Complete Chapter 19 vocabulary words in your composition notebooks. Page 471 (19-1) 15 words Page 479 (19-2) 7 words Page 485 (19-3) 5 words

3. Bell Ringer Take out your Chapter 18 notes. Be prepared to begin class as soon as the bell rings.

4. Bacteria and Viruses

7. Bacteria Bacteria can survive in extreme conditions. Like this volcanic hot springs.

8. Bacteria Prokaryotes - are commonly called bacteria because they are single celled organisms that lack a nucleus. -Prokaryotes are broken into 2 very different Kingdoms 1.Eubacteria - commonly found everywhere. 2.Archaebacteria - usually found in unlivable environments (hot springs and oxygen free environments).

9. 3 Ways to Identify Prokaryotes 1. Shape (3 types) Bacilli (rod shaped) Spirilla (spiral corkscrewed) Cocci (spherical)

10. 2. Cell wall Material used to make a gram stain -Crystal Violet solution -Iodine -Alcohol -Safrain solutions Gram positive (purple) Gram negative (pink)

11. 3. Movement -Flagella -Lash -Snake -Spiral forward -Slide on a layer of mucus http://www.strimoo.com/video/14679578/Bacterial-Motility-Vimeo.html

12. Human Uses of Bacteria Make a number of vitamins that the body cannot produce by itself. Both benefit from this symbiotic relationship.

13. How Prokaryotes Obtain Energy and Release Energy Heterotroph- take in organic molecule for both energy and a supply of carbon. Autotroph-take in sunlight as well as organic compounds for energy. Obligate Aerobe - require a constant supply of oxygen to live Obligate Anaerobe - they must live in the absence of oxygen to survive. Facultative Anaerobe - can live with or without energy.

14. Prokaryotic Growth and Development Binary fission - a bacteria replicated it DNA and divides in half. Conjugation - bacteria exchange genetic information by forming a bridge b/t 2 bacteria cells Spore formation - is when bacteria form a thick internal wall protecting it from unfavorable living conditions

15. Importance of Bacteria Decomposers - break down the nutrients in dead matter Nitrogen Fixers - Converts nitrogen gas to ammonia for plant usage. Helpful to Humans - breaks down food in the intestines

16. Tooth decay Lyme disease Tetanus Tuberculosis Salmonella food poisoning Pneumonia Cholera Streptococcus mutans Borrelia burgdorferi Clostridium tetani Mycobacterium tuberculosis Salmonella enteritidis Streptococcus pneumoniae Vibrio cholerae Regular dental hygiene Protection from tick bites Current tetanus vaccination Vaccination Proper food-handling practices Maintaining good health Clean water supplies DiseasePathogenPrevention Diseases caused by bacteria AnthraxBubonic plagueTyphus

17. Diseases caused by Bacteria 1.How does bacteria affect humans? 2.Some bacteria damage the cells and tissues of the infected organism directly by breaking down the cells food 3.Other bacteria release toxins that travel throughout the body interfering with the normal activity of the host Causes disease in the body.

18. Controlling Bacteria Disinfectant –Chemical solutions that kill pathogenic bacteria Used in homes to clean bathrooms, kitchens, and other rooms. Antibiotics –Block the growth and reproduction of bacteria. Sterilizing by heat –Destroys all bacteria by subjecting them to great amounts of heat. Food processing and storage –Storing in refrigerator –Boiling, frying, or steaming

20. Intro to Viruses

21. What is a Virus? Viruses - are particles of nucleic acid, protein, and sometimes lipids They can only live by infecting living cells Viruses are composed of DNA or RNA and a capsid- a virus protein coat.

22. T4 Bacteriophage Tobacco Mosaic Virus Influenza Virus Head Tail sheath DNA Tail fiber RNA Capsid Surface proteins Membrane envelope RNA Capsid proteins Figure 19-9 3 Virus Types

23. Viral Infections Virus must bind specifically to a compatible protein coat. -animal viruses only infect animals -plant viruses only infect plants -Some viruses can infect bacteria. When this happen it is called a bacteriophage. http://cbs5.com/video/?id=20238@kpix.dayport.com How viruses affect humansHow viruses affect humans -viruses attack and destroy cells in the body.

24. Types of Viral Infections Lytic Infection - a virus enters a cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst. –Because the host cell is lysed and destroyed Lysogenic Infection - a virus integrates its DNA of the host cell and the viral genetic information replicates along with the host cell. In the lysogenic cycle, what happens to the virus DNA? It inserts itself into the bacterial chromosome. What is the viral DNA called while it is embedded in the bacterial DNA? A prophage

25. Viruses contain RNA as their genetic information May remain dormant for varying lengths of time before becoming active An example: AIDS Retroviruses

27. Oncogenic viruses Retrovirus Adenoviruses Herpes viruses Poxviruses DNA RNA DNA Cancer Cancer, AIDS Respiratory infections Chickenpox Smallpox Type of VirusNucleic AcidDisease Diseases caused by Viruses AIDSCommon ColdHepatitis A, B, and C InfluenzaMumpsPolioRabies Which of these viral diseases are spread by droplet inhalation? Common cold, influenza, smallpox, chickenpox, measles, and polio.

28. What is droplet inhalation? –Droplets of saliva or mucus that spreads through the air by sneezing and coughing---also by laughing and talking

29. Diseases caused by Viruses

32. Useful internet sites www.health.yahoo.com www.cdc.gov www.medicinenet.com www.nlm.nih.gov Use these and other websites, textbooks, or the school or local library for information. Research assignment will count as TWO test grades.

33. Infectious Disease Research Project You will select a specific infectious disease Be prepared to give an oral presentation. Grading will be based on neatness, order of the slides, information given, and your ability to speak about your topic. Research assignment will count as TWO test grades. Presentations will begin February 17, 2011

34. Interest Grabber What is the purpose of these products? –To relieve cold symptoms How do they relieve cold symptoms? –Lower fever, relieve aches and pains, reduce congestion, stop cough, sore throat, etc. Is this a sign that you are cured? –No. A cure would have to disable the virus that causes the cold.