1. CELLULAR FUNCTIONS
SB1 3C – CELLULAR BIOLOGY

2. MAIN CELLULAR FUNCTIONS:
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
DIGESTION
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

3. CELLULAR RESPIRATION Transfer of chemical energy (glucose) into ATP
ATP is a high energy molecule that gives us usable energy
Two types:
aerobic (with oxygen)
anaerobic (without oxygen)
Equation for Aerobic Respiration:
SUGAR + OXYGEN  CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER

4. CELLULAR RESPIRATION: LOCATION
The mitochondria is the site of aerobic respiration
Most ATP is made here which is why it is called the powerhouse of the cell
Reactions which make ATP occur in the matrix and cristae on the mitochondria

5. MITOCHONDRIA STRUCTURE
Outer membrane:
Protects the mitochondria
Lets small molecules in and out
Inner membrane:
Contains proteins that function to make ATP
Cristae:
Infolded parts of inner membrane
Increase the area available to have reactions which make ATP
Matrix:
Contains proteins and mitochondrial DNA
Helps with making ATP

6. DIGESTION Digestion takes place in the lysosomes
Inside a lysosome is very acidic which helps it break down:
Cellular waste products
Broken cell organelles
Bacteria
Lysosomes are very numerous in leukocytes (white blood cells) which fight off diseases and viruses

7. DIGESTION OF FOOD
Lysosomes also break down fats, carbohydrates and proteins into simple compounds
These compounds are then returned to the cytoplasm to be used by the cell
Lysosomes use enzymes from the endoplasmic reticulum which are modified in the Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes bud off of the Golgi apparatus

8. DIGESTION IN THE LYSOSOME

9. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Protein is made up of a chain of amino acids which are small molecules containing carbon, hydrogen and several other atoms
Examples of proteins are hormones, enzymes (used for digestion) and structural proteins
Numerous organelles are involved in the synthesis of protein

10. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS CELL MEMBRANE Releases the protein from the cell
CELL PART
ROLE IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
CELL MEMBRANE
Releases the protein from the cell
NUCLEUS
DNA has instructions for making the protein
RNA copies DNA
RNA takes these instructions out of the nucleus and to the ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum
RIBOSOMES
Reads the code from the RNA
The code specifies a specific chain of amino acids
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
RER contains the ribosomes that make the protein
SER is where fats and carbohydrates are added to the protein
GOLGI APPARATUS
Fats and proteins are packaged here ready to be released outside the cell
MITOCHONDRIA
Produces energy for the cell so it can make protein

11. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS