1. By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer edited/ revised: Mrs. Salisbury

2. Late 18 c : French Economic Advantages VNapoleonic Code. VFrench communal law. ) Free contracts ) Open markets ) Uniform & clear commercial regulations VStandards weights & measures. VEstablished technical schools. VThe government encouraged & honored inventors & inventions. VBank of France  European model providing a reliable currency.

3. French Economic Disadvantages VYears of war ) Supported the American Revolution. ) French Revolution. ) Early 19c  Napoleonic Wars VHeavy debts. VHigh unemployment  soldiers returning from the battlefronts. VFrench businessmen were afraid to take risks.

5. That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte

6. The Enclosure Movement Process which ends traditional rights such as meadows for hay, grazing livestock on common land formerly held in open field system. Once enclosed, these uses of the land become restricted to the owner– no longer land for commons.

7. “Enclosed” Lands Today

8. Metals, Woolens, & Canals

9. Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

10. Mine & Forge [1840- 1880] ù More powerful than water is coal. ù More powerful than wood is iron. ù Innovations make steel feasible.  “Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”  “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel.  Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.

11. Coalfields & Industrial Areas

12. 18001 ton of coal50, 000 miners 185030 tons200, 000 miners 1880300 million tons500, 000 miners 1914250 million tons1, 200, 000 miners Coal Mining in Britain: 1800-1914

13. Young Coal Miners

14. Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”

15. British Pig Iron Production

16. Richard Arkwright: “Pioneer of the Factory System” The “Water Frame”

17. Factory Production ) Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor]. ) Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets]. ) Requires a lot of capital investment [factory, machines, etc.] more than skilled labor. ) Only 10% of English industry in 1850.

18. Textile Factory Workers in England 1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers 1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers 1850224, 000 looms>1 million workers

19. The Factory System × Rigid schedule. × 12-14 hour day. × Dangerous conditions. × Mind-numbing monotony.

20. Textile Factory Workers in England

21. British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812

22. Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

23. Jacquard’s Loom