1. INTERPERSONAL PROCESSES

2. Interpersonal Attraction Proximity –We need to meet someone before we can become attracted to them Interpersonal rewards –Social exchange theory I receive more from a relationship than I give

3. Interpersonal Attraction Similarity –We are attracted to those like ourselves –Social economic station in life Physical Attractiveness –Matching hypothesis states that we tend to mate with those similar to ourselves in measures of attractiveness

4. Love Passionate love –High emotional state –Intense physiological arousal –Absorption in another person Companionate Love –Deep affection –Friendship –Emotional intimacy –Develops over time

5. Triangular Theory of Love Intimacy –Feelings of closeness Passion –Sensual arousal Commitment –Dedication to the other person and to the relationship

6. Evolutionary Perspective Feelings and behaviors we associate with love serve to lead to reproductive success Romantic love is an adaptation that fosters successful passing on of our genetic code

7. Sexual Strategies Men can maximize their reproductive success by having as many partners as possible, thus passing his genetic code to a number of children –Short term sexual partner –Long term romantic mate Women maximize their reproductive success by being very selective and finding mates with ample resources to support their offspring –Short term and long term is the same partner

8. Romantic Love Attachment theory suggests romantic love serves to bond us to one special other person Sense of security with this special someone

9. Maintaining Relationships We tend to weigh the costs of maintaining versus ending a relationship –If more pleasure than pain we remain We consider the options of forming a new relationship

10. Maintaining Relationships Those in successful long term relationships tend to: Learn how to fight fairly Give benefit of the doubt to their partner Learn to let go of the negative stuff Reframe other’s faults Idealize partner (positive illusions)

11. Dark Side of Relationships Those we love the most can cause us the deepest pain Ostracism –Silent treatment by partner or others we love

12. Altruism –Involves behaviors that help other people with no apparent gain, or with potential cost, to oneself No pain, however slight, then not altruistic? Ethical Hedonism –All behavior, no matter how apparently altruistic, is-and should be-designed to increase one’s own pleasure or reduce one’s own pain

13. Altruistic or Ethical Hedonism Helping another study for an exam Donating to a charity Giving change to a street beggar Friend, potential dating partner, team member, stranger Charity addresses a family illness Giving to the poor one of your faith’s central tenants

14. Evolutionary Perspective on Altruism Focus on reproductive success All behavior revolves around preserving our genetic code through reproductive success We act in altruistic fashion for our own kin but not towards strangers

15. Bystander Intervention Multistage model for helping a stranger in distress includes: –Notice an emergency –Interpret event as an emergency –Assume personal responsibility to intervene –Decide how to intervene –Actually intervene Kitty Genovese (1964) & her 38 neighbors

16. Bystander Intervention Diffusion of responsibility –The presence of others leads us not to intervene –Let someone else do it –We don’t want to get exposed to harm –We don’t want to become embarrassed

17. Aggression –Verbal or physical behavior aimed at harming another person or living being Hostile Aggression –Aggression elicited by anger Instrumental Aggression –Aggression designed to serve a purpose or goal

18. Violence and Culture Aggression varies across cultures - USA on top Culture of honor –Small disputes grow into violence because participants want to save face and status Men are more likely to exhibit physical violence Women are more likely to exhibit verbal violence

19. Roots of Violence Instincts –Aggression is inborn and triggered by threat, frustration, or anger Evolution –Violence serves goals of survival and reproduction Biological –Excess testosterone & low levels of serotonin

20. Roots of Violence Cognitive theory –Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis suggests that violence is forthcoming when we become frustrated Cognitive–Social Perspective –Activation of aggression is triggered when we perceive social rewards for being aggressive –We are not violent when we perceive the cost of being so is to great

21. General Aggression Model Individual dispositions interact with situational variables to determine whether aggressive behavior will be forthcoming Capacity for aggression appears to be innate Activation of aggression depends on culture and learning

22. Social Influence –The effects of the presence of others on the way people think, feel and behave Self-Fulfilling Prophecies –Tendency of individuals to alter their efforts in order to fulfill their own or others expectations Obedience –Compliance with authority

23. Conformity –Altering attitudes or behavior to accommodate the standards of peers or groups –It is very difficult to be a lone voice in a crowd –Most of us would rather conform than be alone Culture and Conformity –Collective societies such as Japan elicit more conformity than individualist societies such as the USA

24. Group Processes Group –A collection of people whose actions affect the other group members Norms –Standards of behavior –“We” don’t smoke Roles –Norm specific behavior for those in role –Role of a judge in a trial

25. Group Processes Task Leaders –Responsible for ensuring that the group completes its tasks Social-emotional leaders –Try to keep the group working cohesively and with minimal conflict Social facilitation –Influence of groups on individual performance –We tend to play harder on winning teams than losing teams

26. Leadership –Involves exerting greater influence than other members of the group –Leaders may be task oriented or relationship oriented –The mix of task and relationship focus is contingent upon the organization Task- Production plant Relationship- Professional setting

27. Everyday Social Influence Principle of reciprocity –We do for (to) others what they have done, or failed to do, for us –If someone has done a lot for us then we are much more likely to do something for them, whether we actually want to or not

28. Door-in-face technique –We ask someone for something that we know they will reject –They reject first request –We then come back with a much smaller request –Target more likely to comply with second request Son to parent- Will you buy me a new car? Parent-No Son- Ok how about a pizza for dinner? Parent- Ok

29. Low Balling Offer a very low price Customer accepts Then start to add on “extras”

30. Principle of Liking We tend to conform to requests from people we like Basis of Mary Kay Cosmetics phenomena –You are asked to buy cosmetics from a friend that you have invited into your home