1. Slide # 1 Why Study Psychology?

2. Slide # 2 Psychology Is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

3. 3 The Realities of Our Study-2 differing approaches Secular Psychologists Christian Psychologists Mental illness is biological or/and or caused by a childhood event Mental Illness is a caused by sin or even demonic influence, could also be biological Counseling and medicine are the treatments Counseling, spiritual deliverance along w/ medicine (if really needed) Facts are based only on the use of the Scienctific method- experimentation Facts can be based on experimentation, but the Bible is the ultimate authority

4. 4 The Realities of Our Study-2 differing approaches Secular Psychologists Christian Psychologists Humans are part of the animal kingdom and do not have souls or spirits Humans have a soul and spirit and therefore are God’s unique creation separate from the animal kingdom Its all about us, being ourselves and doing what we believe is right We are created In God’s image to have a relationship with Him and have a specific purpose to be indwelled by His mind

5. Slide # 5 A History of Psychology

6. Slide # 6 Roots from Ancient Greece The Ancient philosopher Plato said, “Know thyself” It has become motto of psychology His student Socrates encouraged people to learn has much as they could about themselves

7. Slide # 7 Cont. Psychologists call this method introspection The method of learning by looking within

8. Slide # 8 Cont. The Greeks believed strange behavior to super natural forces The Greek gods and goddesses played a major role in how people acted

9. Slide # 9 The Middle Ages People in the Middle Ages believed all odd behaviors were caused by demons or the devil Tests were performed to see if a person was possessed Most who passed the tests were dead at the end of them

10. Slide # 10 The Middle Ages Some that were thought to be demon-possessed may have actually had epilepsy or Torrette’s syndrome But mental illness can be linked to demonic oppression or possession Exorcism Video: Is it Mental Illness? Demonic Possession or both?

11. Slide # 11 The Birth of Modern Science Between 1500s-1700s, drastic changes in the way people thought allowed for the birth of Modern Science The scientific approach was used to explain events in the world In 1879 psychology became a science

12. Slide # 12 Wilhelm Wundt In 1879 Wundt established his laboratory of psychology in Leipzig, Germany His field became known as structuralism The discovering of the basic elements of the consciousness- sensation and feelings

13. Slide # 13 William James: “The Father of Psychology” in the USA In 1889 James est. his own lab Was the first to teach a psychology class James believed experience “…is a continuous stream of consciousness

14. Slide # 14 Cont. 1890 he published, The Principles of Psychology This credited as the first psych text book James was founder of functionalism How mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment Functionalism stressed behavioral observation-people are like animals trying to survive Thinking, learning, feeling and remembering serve 1 function-to help us survive

15. Slide # 15 Sir Francis Galton Studied heredity Traits passed along from parent to child Greatness runs in families- the rich and talented are they way they are because of hereditary genes Invented personality and intelligence tests

16. 16 Is it Heredity or Environment? Secular Psych:Christian Psych: Some behaviors could be hereditary through parents personality and genes passed a long God creates our personality for His unique purposes Some feel people are smart and successful because of genes People are gifted in different ways by the Creator People commit bad or good acts because they are simply copying them from others People commit bad behaviors b/c we inherit the sin nature People do good either to gain favor or because God leads them to

17. Slide # 17 Approaches to Psychology

18. Slide # 18 The Different Approaches There are perhaps as many different ways to study psychology as there are psychologists, though it is generally agreed that there are 6 basic approaches to psychology.

19. Slide # 19 6 Approaches 1. Psychoanalytic 2. Behavioral 3. Humanistic 4. Cognitive 5. Neuro-Biological 6. holistic

20. Slide # 20 1. Sigmund Freud and the School of Psycho analysis supported psychoanalysis unconscious motives and the internal conflicts determine human behavior people were driven by their hidden impulses

21. Slide # 21 Cont. conducted his research through consultations with patients-used free association (patients said whatever came to mind and he sat there objectively and listened) 1. unconscious thinking is more important than the conscious experiences 2. The unconscious mind is full of impulses, urges, and wishes

22. Slide # 22 Freud 3. Human behavior is therefore aimed at satisfying these urges (good and bad) 4. Freud wanted to help people uncover these and find socially acceptable ways of expressing their feelings 5. Dream Analysis- dreams are expressions of our urges

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24. Slide # 24 Anna Freud began her professional career in her father’s footsteps, but was a very independent thinker. how to apply psychoanalysis to children. founded the Hampstead Child Therapy Clinic. built upon her father’s ideas relating to defense mechanisms, which people use to relieve stress or anxiety and to deceive themselves about the causes of stressful situations.

25. Slide # 25 The Behavioral Approach

26. Slide # 26 What Is Behaviorism? Pioneered by Russian Ivan Pavlov Focuses on observable behavior and the role of learning in behavior Behaviors are learned The role of reward and punishment in learning

27. Slide # 27 Ivan Pavlov a Russian psychologist who won the Nobel Peace Prize for his research on digestion. discovered what later became known as “psychic reflexes.” most famous experiment, he conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of a certain tone. The dogs had come to associate the tone with receiving food. The classical conditioning techniques pioneered by Pavlov have had major application in therapeutic situations. In addition, many of today’s advertisers also use classical conditioning techniques to sell products. McDonald video

28. Slide # 28 John Watson The father of behaviorism Psychology should become a science of behavior Environment molds the behavior of us all by controlling a healthy child’s environment, it was possible to influence that child to develop in a number of different directions

29. Slide # 29 B.F. Skinner the most prominent and strict behaviorist, B.F. Skinner spent most of his career at Harvard. believed that behavior is strongly influenced by rewards and punishments. used rats and pigeons. Food was the major reward in his experiments and frequent electric shocks were the punishment.

30. Slide # 30 The Humanistic Approach

31. Slide # 31 The “Third Force” in Psychology Rejected the views of both behaviorism and psychoanalytic thought Its all about choice, feeling and free-will Humans are evolving from a lower state and control their own destinies Refuses to acknowledge our human limitations and bent towards sin

32. Slide # 32 Humanistic Approach Choices are not dictated by instincts, the biological process, or rewards and punishments The world is a friendly, happy, secure place Humans are evolving and becoming better

33. Slide # 33 Carl Rogers In the 1940s, humanism began to receive attention because of Rogers Human behavior is governed by each individual’s sense of self The drive for personal growth

34. Slide # 34 Abraham Maslow believed that all humans have a “hierarchy of needs” that begins with basics such as food, shelter, comfort, warmth, and security. After those come “higher” needs such as love, self-esteem, knowledge and understanding, and the need for beauty and order. called this top level “self- actualization.” He saw Abraham Lincoln and Eleanor Roosevelt as two prime examples of truly self- actualized individuals.

35. Slide # 35 Criticisms of the Humanistic Approach doubt that all people necessarily meet their needs according to some hierarchical structure such as that proposed by Maslow. concept of self-actualization as overly idealistic and unrealistic. Leaves God out of the picture totally- believes humans are almost god-like in controlling their own destinies

36. Slide # 36 The Cognitive Approach

37. Slide # 37 The Cognitive Perspective Studies people’s mental processes in an effort to understand how humans gain knowledge about the world around them How we learn, form concepts, solve problems, make decisions, use language Our behavior is influenced by our memory, expectations and how we see the world

38. Slide # 38 Jean Piaget a Swiss child psychologist. children think in very different ways than adults do. first psychologist to take children’s thinking seriously. not merely “blank slates” upon which experience writes children create their own logic and often acted like miniature scientists. came to the conclusion that knowledge (nurturing) builds as children grow.

39. Slide # 39 Noam Chomsky theorized that children are born with a mental “program” that enables them to learn language, basic grammar, and sentence structure. saw this ability as innate (inborn)

40. Slide # 40 5. The NeuroBiological Approach Behavior and mental processes are largely shaped by biological processes The neurobiological approach gained momentum in the 1950s and is still going strong today. Sixty years ago, the psychodynamic approach was in favor. Today, psychologists often look for biological explanations for behavior.

41. Slide # 41 The Neurobiological Focus The brain and central nervous system Sensation and perception Autonomic nervous system Heredity and genetics It also looks carefully at the significance of brain chemistry, body chemistry, and the endocrine system. Note: The drawing in this slide shows a synapse, the space between the neurons in the brain.

42. Slide # 42 Neurobiological Focus (cont.) The physiological basis of how we learn and remember Motivation and emotion Understanding the physical bases of mental illnesses such as depression and schizophrenia

43. Slide # 43 Howard Gardner Studied brain damage and neurological disorders Created the theory of multiple intelligences The 9 different types of intelligence

44. Slide # 44 The nine intelligences are: 1. linguistic 2. logical/mathematical 3. musical 4. spatial 5.bodily/kinesthetic 6. interpersonal 7. intrapersonal 8. naturalistic 9. existential

45. Slide # 45 But to get even more profundo…. The Christian perspective of Pscyholohy Man is a trinity

46. Slide # 46 The Definition of the Three (3) Parts of Humans: The Human Spirit The Soul The Body

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48. Slide # 48 We are a trinity (made in God’s image) man as a “trinity” made up of body, soul, and spirit. Man was made in the “Image of God” and God is a Trinity. The difference between plant and animal life is, that the plant has not “conscious” life, while the animal has a “living (conscious) soul.” The difference between animal life and human life is, that while animals have a “living soul” man has more, he has a “spirit”

49. Slide # 49 The Spirit First and most crucial is the spirit, the faculty that enables us to communicate with God if His Spirit is in us With our human spirit, we can worship God, serve God, and know God intuitively However, w/o the Holy Spirit, our spirits can be open to demonic influence or/and controlled by our body and soul.

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51. Slide # 51 The Soul Second, the soul is that part which forms the personality of man and enables him to contact and function within the psychological realm. Also known as your psyche

52. Slide # 52 The 3 Parts of our Soul Mind We desire to do something with good reason. Emotion We delight in it. Will Finally we decide to do it. This could be something good or evil.

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54. Slide # 54 The Body five senses enables us to relate to and communicate with the physical world. “For the spirit is willing, but the body is weak” (Mark 14:38)

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56. Slide # 56 Applications in the Field of Psychology

57. Slide # 57 What is a Psychologist? Scientists who are trained to observe, analyze, and evaluate behavior of humans and animals

58. Slide # 58 What is Psychiatry? A branch of medicine that deals with mental, emotional or behavioral problems A Psychiatrist is a doctor who treats people with disturbed behavior who can medicate or even operate on patients

59. Slide # 59 Types of Psychologists 1. Clinical: help people deal with personal problems (need a doctorate) 2. Counseling: advise and assist people with everyday life problems (need a doctorate) 3. Developmental: study children, the elderly and the process of dying 4. Educational: concerned with helping students find the best way to learn

60. Slide # 60 Types of Psychologists 5. Community: works for a mental health or government agency may help run a public mental health clinic 6. Industrial/Organizational: makes the workplace a more satisfying environment for employees and managers 7. Experimental: studies sensation, perception, learning, etc. in controlled laboratory settings

61. 61 APA (American Psychological Association) World’s leading association of psychologists Promotes human welfare and advance the profession of psychology Atheistic and strongly pushing the gay agenda today

62. Slide # 62 Schooling in Psychology

63. Slide # 63 Application #1: How can we explain the power of cult leaders? What social conditions exist that promote the rise of cults? The top left picture in this slide shows Marshall Applewhite of the Heaven’s Gate cult. He and 39 of his followers committed suicide in 1997 in the belief that doing so would allow them to hook up with a UFO they believed was hiding behind the Hale-Bopp comet. The top right picture shows Reverend Jim Jones, leader of the People’s Temple cult. He and 900 of his followers committed mass suicide in the Venezuelan jungle in 1979. The bottom left picture shows David Koresh, leader of the Branch Davidian cult. He and his followers died in a controversial fire after a 51-day standoff with the U.S. government. On the bottom right is Charles Manson, who is still in prison for the ritualistic killing of nine people. In trying to explain the actions of cult leaders and members, you could adopt a behaviorist approach and examine the nature of obedience. You could also employ a sociocultural approach to see how culture shapes individuals who join cults.

64. Slide # 64 Application #3:How could you investigate the causes of mental illness? The top picture in this slide depicts a catatonic schizophrenic. Catatonics often maintain unusual postures for many hours or even days. The bottom painting shows Dr. Cameron West, author of the book First Person Plural. He suffers from multiple personality disorder, a rare condition in which one person switches back and forth between several distinct personalities. A psychoanalytical approach has helped psychologists gain a better understanding of multiple personality disorder. Evidently, the disease springs in part from physical abuse suffered as a child.

65. Slide # 65 Application #4: How could you explain the reasons for obedience to authority? Why do people tend to obey authority figures (Like Hitler), even when such obedience might seem irrational? and in the resocialization process that takes place during basic training in the military. Which psychological approaches could you use to explore obedience? You might want to start with a sociocultural approach and investigate how societal norms can influence behavior.

66. Slide # 66 Application #5: How could you achieve a better understanding of why a person would commit suicide? The picture in this slide shows musician Kurt Cobain, who took his own life at the height of his career. The cognitive approach, which focuses on thought processes, might work best to help us understand why people kill themselves. You might also try a psychoanalytical approach and investigate unconscious motives.

67. Slide # 67 Application #6: Where would you look if you wanted to understand how and why some people seem so extraordinary and important in our society? If you were trying to understand the greatness of an Abraham Lincoln, where would you begin your search? It might be good to start with a humanist approach. Humanists such as Abraham Maslow have proposed theories about why some people aspire to greatness. You might also take a sociocultural approach and look at the phenomenon of hero worship.