1. Page 1 Unit 7 Environmental hazards and human health- (ch 17)

2. Page 2 1. How is HIV transmitted? Unsafe sex Sharing needles Infected mothers to children Infected blood

3. Page 3 Risk « 2. Risk is the probability of suffering harm from a hazard that can cause injury, disease, death, economic loss or damage 3. Probability is a mathematical statement about how likely it is that harm will be suffered from a hazard.

4. Page 4 4. Five types of hazards 1. biological- caused by living things 2. chemical- harmful chemicals in the air, soil and food 3. physical- ex. Fire, natural disasters 4. cultural- unsafe working conditions, highways, assault and poverty. 5. Lifestyle choices- smoking, overeating, alcohol, tobacco, unsafe sex

5. Page 5 5. Nontransmissible diseases heart disease, most cancers, asthma, diabetes, malnutrition

6. Page 6 6. Transmissible diseases Flu(influenza), HIV, tuberculosis, measles and mumps

7. Page 7 7. A pathogen is a living organism that causes disease Ex. Bacteria, fungi, parasites, protozoa, viruses

8. Page 8 8. epidemic- people are sick in one area or country Pandemic- global sickness

9. Page 9 9. Deadly infectious diseases 1. pneumonia and flu- bacteria and viruses 2. HIV/AIDS- virus 3. Diarrheal disease-bacteria and viruses 4. Tuberculosis- bacteria 5. Malaria- protozoa 6. Hep B- Virus 7. Measels- virus

10. Page 10 10. 50% of antibiotics are prescribed unnecessarily 11. Spanish flu- 1918, killed 20-50 million people in the world, 250,000- 500,000 in the U.S. 12. Hep B is spread through unsafe sex, needles, mother to child, infected blood 13. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium and spread by mosquitoes

11. Page 11 14. Lyme disease is caused by a bacteria that is spread by ticks 15. death rate from infectous diseases decreased from 1970- 2000 16. Carcinogens- promote cancer 17. mutagens- cause mutations in DNA 18. Teratogens- cause birth defects

12. Page 12 19. Effects of neurotoxins include behavioral changes, learning disabilities, retardation, ADD, paralysis, death Examples are PCB’s, mercury, arsenic, lead, pesticides

13. Page 13 20. Examples of hormonally active agents are aluminum, atrazine, DDT, Mercury, PCB’s, phthalates, BPA 21. The immune system protects the body from foreign invaders 22. Toxicity- measure of how harmful something is

14. Page 14 23. Dose is the amount of the harmful substance that a person has taken 24. Multiple chemical sensitivity is a person who is sensitive to a number of toxins 25. Biological magnification- concentrations of persistent substances increases as it passes through trophic levels

15. Page 15 26. Response- damage resulting from exposure to a toxin Acute effect- immediate reaction to a toxin Chronic effect- long term lasting effect 27. persistence- resistance of a chemical to breaking down in the environment 28. only 2% of the 100,000 registered synthetic chemicals have been tested

16. Page 16 29. the greatest risk in terms of premature deaths per year and reduced life span is poverty 30. cigarette smoking causes one death every 6 seconds 31. being born male shortens the average life span by 7.5 years 32. voluntary risk- choice like hang gliding- involuntary -no choice

17. Page 17 Philippus Theophrastus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim - Paracelsus “All things are poisons, for there is nothing without poisonous qualities. It is only the dose which makes a thing poison.”

18. Page 18 LD50 is the dose required to kill half the members of a tested population after a specified test duration.

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