1. Global seismic network in operation for ~40 years provides a huge database of information on earthquakes:- Location, Depth Magnitude, Frequency Total Energy released Type of Faulting and orientation of fault planes State of stress in brittle material

2. Subduction (Indonesia)

3. Terminology

4. A typical seismogram and determination of range

5. Earthquake Locations Accuracy ~ 10 km, slightly larger error in depth. Geographic distribution : Pattern of plate boundaries

6. Energy and Polarity of “First Motions”

7. Earthquake on a vertical plane

8. Determination of nodal planes

9. Spreading of the seismic wave

10. Data on the surface, interpreted as a section

11. Azimuth (  ) and take-off angle

12. In General have we seismic data from faults with any orientations – plot a stereogram

13. Fault types and “Beach Ball” plots

14. Example Focal mechanism diagrams on the Azores- Gibraltar fracture zone

15. Seismic Focal Mechanisms: Summary &Applications Detection at a distance via the world network Energy and Polarity of “First Motions” Plot polarity against azimuth and “take-off angle” Determine orientation of Fault-plane [explosions v. earthquakes]

16. Brief Facts About: By Dr. Qamar-uz-Zaman Chaudhary Director General Pakistan Meteorological Department pmd@pakmet.com.pk

17. Pakistan Meteorological Department

19. Seismogram

26. PAST SEISMIC HISTORY OF PAKISTAN

27. Earthquake in Quetta:1935 Railway Station 7.7 35,000

28. Earthquake in Quetta:1935 Lytton Road 7.7 35,000

29. Earthquake in Pakistan:1892 Chaman: Balochistan 6.8

30. Before After Town Hall Lahore Earthquake in Kangra: 1905 Himachal Pradesh 7.8 19,727

31. M7.5 KASHMIR EARTHQUAKE ON OCTOBER 8, 2005

32. PAKISTAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT M 7.5 EARTHQUAKE OF 8 TH OCTOBER 2005 IN NORTHERN PAKISTAN EPICENTRE: 34.4°N, 73.5°E DEPTH: 10 KM

33. ShakeMap OF OCTOBER 8, 2005 EARTHQUAKE

36. KNOW THE RISK FOR FUTURE MITIGATION

38. National Tsunami Early Warning Centre (TWC), Karachi Turbat Khuzdar Zhob Chitral National Geophysical Centre Quetta National Seismic Control Room Peshawar Up-gradation of National Seismic Network for Pakistan (Approved June, 2005) Muzaffarabad Mansehra

39. National Tsunami Early Warning Centre (TWC), Karachi Backup Tsunami Warning Centers Establishment of Tsunami Warning Center in Pakistan Linkage with other Regional /Global TWS Information to Regional / Global Mitigation Centers

40. Thank You All