2. Using Quotations Ms. Fleming English II

3. Quotations Make short stories and narrative writing more interesting. Provide support for the writer’s ideas and arguments.

4. Types of Quotations Direct Quotations  Represents a person’s exact speech or thoughts.  Must be indicated by quotation marks. Example: “High school is closer to the core of the American experience than anything else I can think of.”—Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.

5. Types of Quotations Indirect Quotations  Reports only the general meaning of what a person said or thought.  Does not require quotations marks.  Writer is rephrasing the speaker’s words. Example: Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. wrote that being in high school was a true part of the American experience.

6. Ways to Present Direct Quotations Uninterrupted within a sentence Quoted phrase within a sentence –With an introductory phrase –With a concluding statement –With an interrupting expression –Two quoted sentences interrupted with a phrase

7. Uninterrupted Within a Sentence To enclose a sentence that is an uninterrupted direct quotation  Double quotations marks are placed around the quotation.  The sentence begins with a capital letter. Example: “The past is but the beginning of a beginning.”—H.G. Wells

8. Quoted Phrase Within a Sentence To enclose a sentence that is a quoted phrase within a sentence:  You must set off the fragment with quotation marks.  The first word of the phrase is capitalized only when it falls at the beginning of a sentence or when it would be capitalized regardless of its position in the sentence. Example: In writing about history, H. G. Wells called it “a race between education and catastrophe.” “A race between education and catastrophe” is the way H. G. Wells referred to history.

9. Quoted Phrase Within a Sentence In general, you will wish to add a “he said/she said” expression to quotation to show who is speaking. Use the following rules to do so.

10. Quoted Phrase Within a Sentence With an introductory phrase Use a comma or colon after an introductory expression. Ex: H. G. Wells wrote, “The past is but the beginning of a beginning.” Use a colon instead of a comma if you do not use a “he said/she said” phrase or if you want a formal tone. (In this case, the introductory phrase must be a complete sentence.) Ex: The professor held up a book: “Today, we will discuss Jules Verne’s work Around the World in Eighty Days.”

11. Quoted Phrase Within a Sentence With an concluding expression Use a comma, a question mark, or an exclamation mark after a quotation followed by a concluding expression. Ex: “The past is but the beginning of a beginning,” wrote Wells. With an interrupting expression Use a comma after part of a quoted sentence followed by an interrupting expression. Use another comma after the expression. Ex: “The past,” wrote Wells, “is but the beginning of a beginning.”

12. Quoted Phrase Within a Sentence Two quoted sentences interrupted Use a comma, question mark, or exclamation mark after a quoted sentence that comes before an interrupting expression. Use a period after the expression. Ex: “What does writing teach?” Ray Bradbury asked. “First and foremost, it reminds us that we are alive.”

13. Points to Remember Indirect quotes do not need quotation marks; however, give credit where credit is due. Always place a comma or a period inside the final quotation mark. –Ex: “I enjoy Jack Finney’s work,” said Elaine. –Ex: “The future,” C. S. Lewis believed, “is something which everyone reaches at the rate of sixty minutes an hour.”

14. Points to Remember Always place a semicolon or colon outside the final quotation mark. –Ex: One repair person said, “I can’t do it for less than eighty dollars”; another indicated he could fix it for half that price! –Ex: She listed the ingredients for “an absolutely heavenly salad”: spinach, mushrooms, hard-boiled eggs, and bacon. Place a question mark or exclamation mark inside the final quotation mark if the end mark is part of the quotation. –Ex: The reader asked, “How will the story end?” –Ex: The TV announcer exclaimed, “You just won the $10,000 jackpot!”

15. Let’s Practice! 1.Sam asked if he could choose a new topic. 2.Sam asked can I choose a new topic? 3.I plan to coach a volleyball team this summer said Mo. 4.Mrs. Fleming screamed isn’t this fun ; I didn’t want to tell her that it wasn’t. 5.Dad Jalen screamed can I have a popsicle?

16. Information obtained from Writing and Grammar: Communication in Action. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2001. Presentation created by Ms. Fleming.