1. 1840’s reform The unique thing about the 1840’s, was that they introduced a decade of not just one specific kind of reform, but of several. The two biggest changes during this time were the abolitionist movements and woman’s suffrage movements. Leading up to this era, classic ideas of how life should be continued until leaders began emerging and ideas began to change, introducing reforms such as those

2. Woman’s suffrage: 1840- Stanton, Mott & other woman barred from Anti-slavery meetings for their sex 1848- Seneca Falls- Woman’s rights conventions- New York 1849- Woman allowed to own property for the 1 st time (CA) The beginning of the decade compared to the end demonstrates how woman’s rights became a focus because of shocking inequalities. In just over 10 years, woman’s suffrage became a huge movement compared to preexisting discriminations. Abolitionist movement: 1840- Liberty party created 1846- Wilmot Proviso- slavery banned in Mexican territories Fredrick Douglass publishes pieces on abolition 1849- Tubman escapes slavery Abolition was always an on- going social issue. For decades before this, slavery continued to be a problem, but always managed to spark the interest of abolitionists. Of course, by the end of the 40’s, equal rights wasn’t quite yet reached, but progress was being made.

3. Progressive Movement

4. Major Goals Stop monopolies Stop corruption Stop social injustice Stop inefficiency

5. Methods Use the government “as an agency of human welfare” Organized into parties –Greenback Party (1870s) –Populist Party (1890s)

6. Political Reform Initiative Referendum Recall Secret (Australian) Ballot Direct Election of US Senators –17 th Amendment Women suffrage (1920s) Gov. Robert "Fighting Bob" LaFollette of Wisconsin led the way for state-level reform

7. Progressive Women Muller v. Oregon –Laws protecting women workers were legal –Interpretation of the case could be used to keep women out of “male” jobs Lochner v. New York –Struck down the 10 hour workday for bakers Triangle Shirtwaist Fire –Laws were created regulating hours and conditions and beginning workers’ compensation

8. Temperance Largely run by white, middleclass women Francis Willard founded the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union –Had 1 million supporters –Joined with the Anti-Saloon league Many states and counties went “dry” before the nation did; by 1914 approx. ¼ Americans lived in these areas Culminated in the 18 th Amendment

9. Muckrakers Lincoln Steffens –Shame of the Cities Ida B. Tarbell –Authored an article in McClure’s regarding the monopolistic policies of Standard Oil Upton Sinclair –The Jungle detailed the state of meat packing companies

10. Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal Three C’s –Control of the corporations –Consumer protection –Conservation of Natural Resources During the 1902 Coal Miners’ Strike, Roosevelt forced the owners to agree to arbitration; Roosevelt was the first one to not break a strike with force

11. Control of the Corporations Dept. of Commerce and Labor –Investigated interstate trade Strengthened the ICC (1887) –Elkins Act (1903): banned and prosecuted the rebate system –Hepburn: placed restrictions on free passes TR differentiated between “good” and “bad” –Northern Securities Company – “Bad” –U.S. Steel – “Good”

12. Consumer Protection Meat Inspection Act (1906) Pure Food and Drug Act These acts benefited companies as well; Europeans now felt the could trust American goods, so they bought more

13. Conservation Desert Land Act (1877) –Sold desert land at low prices on the promise that it would be irrigated Forest Reserve Act (1891) –Enabled the President to set aside lands for the National Park System Carey Act (1894) –Gave federal land to states on the promise that it would be irrigated

14. Conservation (continued) Division of Forest head Gifford Pinchot and naturalist John Muir became spokesmen for conservation Newlands Act (1902) –Started irrigation projects in the West Jack London wrote Call of the Wild

15. Progressivism under Taft Taft broke more trusts than Roosevelt Taft did not differentiate between “good” and “bad” trusts –Because of this Taft’s and Roosevelt’s relationship split –Roosevelt would retaliate in the Presidential Election of 1912 by creating the Bull-Moose Party

16. Progressivism under Wilson New Few Freedom Plan –Bust all trusts and encourage small business –Did not include social welfare programs –Competed with Roosevelt’s New Nationalism which supported good trusts and pushed for women’s suffrage Attacked the triple wall of privilege –The tariff, the banks, and trusts

17. Triple Wall of Privilege Tariff –Underwood Tariff (1913) – lowered the tariff and started a graduated income tax Banks –Federal Reserve (1913) – oversaw 12 regional banks and had the power to regulate the amount of money in the economy Trusts –Federal Trade Commission (1914) – investigated accusations of unfair practices –Clayton Anti-trust Act (1914) – exempted unions from being labeled as trusts

18. Progressivism under Wilson (cont’d.) Farmers –Federal Farm Loan Act (1916) – offered low interest loans to farmers –Warehouse Act (1916) – offered loans on the security of crops Workers –Workers’ Compensation Act (1916) –Adamson Act (1916) - 8 hour workday for interstate railroad workers

19. Other Causes Socialism –Eugene Debs won 420,000 votes in the 1908 Presidential Election Women’s Rights –Led by Jane Addams and Lillian Ward Social Gospel –Rich are obligated to help the poor

20. 20 Analysis Workers found themselves left behind by the Industrial Revolution and taken advantage of; in response they began pushing back against corporations that had been taking advantage of them Some lucky persons found themselves in the expanding Middle Class and with enough money and leisure to devote time and energy toward idealistic movements

21. 1960’s reform With the Presidency of JFK came a type of “golden age” for reform, especially with civil rights. Around this era, as had been building up for decades, equal rights was being continuously fought for. And as with any movement which is passionately supported, much progress was made.

22. Reforms: 1961- Freedom rides begin 1964- Civil Rights Act- Eliminating public discrimination and employment segregation 1964- Race riots in numerous cities 1965- Voting Rights Act- eliminated voting place discrimination such as literacy tests 1963- March on Washington 1965- March to Selma (And other MLK rallies)