1. Chapter 10 Cell Growth and Division

2. Cell Growth Key factors of cell size –Surface area – area around the cell (plasma membrane) –Volume – space inside cell Small cell size allows for: –Successful diffusion –Proper nutrient use –Expelling waste Cells increase in –Size –Number

3. Cell Growth Problems As they grow… –More demand on the DNA –Uses resources more quickly –Difficulty moving materials across the membrane Once a cell reaches its size limit, it will –Stop growing –Divide Cell Division

4. The Cell Cycle One cell cycle results in two cells. Cells divide to keep small size and replace lost cells.

5. The Cell Cycle Process cells go through as they grow and divide Three main stages of cell cycle 1. Interphase (G 1, S, G 2 ) 2. Mitosis (M phase) 3. Cytokinesis (M phase)

6. 1. Interphase: Three Sub-stages G 1 - Gap-1– growth period just after a cell divides S - Synthesis – cell copies its DNA (replicates) G 2 - Gap-2 – prepares for cell division (mitosis)

7. 2. Mitosis (cell division) New cells (daughter) receives copy of parent DNA Chromosomes become visible Divided into sub- stages

8. 3. Cytokinesis Method by which a cell’s cytoplasm divides (the cell splits), creating two daughter cells with identical nuclei.

9. Mitosis and Cytokinesis Two main stages of cell division Eukaryotic cells reproduce by: –Mitosis – the process of nuclear division –replicated DNA separates and passed to identical daughter cells –Cytokinesis – the process of cytoplasm division.

10. Chromosomes are DNA

11. Chromosome Parts

12. Chromosome Division When the cell divides, the chromatids separate, each new cell gets one chromatid. Sister chromatids Centromere

13. Miotic Phases PMAT –Prophase –Metaphase –Anaphase –Telophase

14. Prophase First phase Longest phase Chromatin condenses into chromosomes (shaped like an X)

15. Prophase

16. Spindle Microtubules called spindle fibers form Spindle fibers attach at the centromere and to opposite poles Help to separate the chromosomes

17. Metaphase Shortest stage Spindles line chromosomes up in the middle of the cell Tension between opposite fibers maintain alignment Ensures that new cells have accurate copies of chromosomes

18. Metaphase

19. Anaphase Chromatids are pulled apart Spindle fibers move sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell

20. Anaphase

21. Telophase Last phase 2 new nuclear membranes begin to reform and nuclei reappear

22. Telophase

23. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Mitosis

24. Cytokinesis Divides cytoplasm Results in 2 cells, each with IDENTICAL nuclei In plant cells, a new structure called a cell plate forms between the 2 daughter cells (instead of pinching off)

25. Cytokinesis

26. Number of Chromosomes If a cell has 5 chromosomes, after mitosis each new cell will have ___________ chromosomes. If a cell has 15 chromosomes, after mitosis each new cell will have ___________ chromosomes. If a cell has 10 chromosomes, after mitosis each new cell will have ___________ chromosomes. If a cell has 100 chromosomes, after mitosis each new cell will have ___________ chromosomes.

27. Cell Cycle Control Cells reproduce until the contact other cells, then stop growing This demonstrates that controls on cell growth and division can be turned on and off. Regulated outside of the cell

28. Contact Inhibition

29. Cell Cycle Regulation Cyclin is a regulating protein. –Regulates the timing of the cell cycle –The amount of this protein in the cell rises and falls in time with the cell cycle.

30. Cyclin Discovery Cyclins were discovered during a similar experiment to this one. A sample of cytoplasm is removed from a cellin mitosis. The sample is injected into a second cell in G 2 of interphase. As result, the second cell enters mitosis.

31. Cancer Cancer – uncontrolled growth rate and division Cancer cells grow fast because they spend less time in interphase Form masses called tumors

32. Causes of Cancer Mutations Carcinogens – substances that cause Genetics

33. Stem Cells 2 types: unspecialized –Embryonic –Adult

34. Stem Cell Research What can stem cell research do?

35. Quiz Time The cell cycle is believed to be controlled by proteins called spindles. cyclins. regulators. centrosomes.

36. Once a multicellular organism reaches adult size, the cells in its body a.stop dividing. b.grow and divide at different rates, depending on the type. c.have the same life span between cell divisions. d.undergo cell division randomly.

37. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 10-2 The phase of mitosis during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell is prophase. metaphase. anaphase. telophase.

38. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 10-2 Cytokinesis usually occurs at the same time as telophase. after telophase. during interphase. during anaphase

39. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 10-2 DNA replication takes place during the S phase of the cell cycle. G 1 phase of the cell cycle. G 2 phase of the cell cycle. M phase of the cell cycle.

40. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 10-2 During mitosis, “sister” chromatids separate from one another during telophase. interphase. anaphase. metaphase.

41. The series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide is called the cell cycle. mitosis. interphase. cytokinesis.