1. Question of the Day Nov 18 Cell need to remain small because the information stored in the cell’s _______ can meet all of its needs. A. RNA B. DNA C. Proteins D. Mitochondria 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 20051

2. DO NOW Nov 18 List three specific events in which a cell will need to divide. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 20052

3. ANSWER Repairing a broken bone Replacing dead skin cells Growth and development of an embryo into a fetus. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 20053

4. AGENDA Nov 18 BIG QUESTION: How do cells divide? 1. QotD and DO NOW 2. Section 10-1 Notes 3. Size of a Cell 4. Cell Growth and Division 5. Chapter 9 Tests 6. Closing Thoughts and Homework –STUDY GUIDES 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 20054

5. Chapter 10: Cell Growth and Division

6. Limits to Cell Growth Why do cells need to remain small? Cells divide rather than grow larger for two main reasons –1. More demands on a cell’s DNA –2. Movement of nutrients and wastes –Larger cells require more of both. 1. DNA Overload Cells do not make extra copies of DNA as they grow. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 20056

7. Limits to Cell Growth This can cause an “information crisis”. –Library –Internet Access Cells cannot “wait” for its DNA and other contents to perform their functions. 2. Exchanging Materials The rate at which food, water, oxygen, and waste can enter/exit the cell’s membrane depends on surface area. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 20057

8. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 20058 10-1: Cell Growth a living thing grows because it produces more and more cells when a cell gets larger, the volume increases faster than the surface area the larger a cell gets, the harder it is to move materials in and out

9. Ratio of Surface Area to Volume Cells shaped like cubes Surface area = L x W x # of sides Volume of cell = L x W x H What is SA and V of cell that has a length of 1 cm? What is the ratio of SA to V? 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 20059

10. Surface Area to Volume Ratio If length of the cell tripled to 3 cm, The SA = 3 x 3 x 6 = 54 The V = 3 x 3 x 3 = 27 The ratio = 54/27 = 2:1 or 2 V increases more rapidly than SA Ratio of SA to V decreases. This is a major problem in a cell. Consider Pequannock Township and the Boulevard. Large cells would have difficulty transporting food and nutrients into and out of the cell. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200510

11. Question of the DAY NOV 25 Living things grow because A. they obtain and use energy B. they respond to their environment C. their cells get larger over time D. they produce more cells 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200511

12. DO NOW NOV 25 What is the relationship between surface area and volume of a cell? How does this relate to the size of a cell? Why is this important to cells? 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200512

13. DO NOW ANSWERED NOV 25 Volume increases faster than surface area as a cell increases in size. Cells need to remain small to maintain a high SA to V ratio. Small cells can transport molecules efficiently and their DNA can effectively meet the demands of the cell. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200513

14. Question of the DAY NOV 25 What are the phases of cell division in the correct order? A.Interphase, Prophase, Anaphase, Metaphase, Telophase B. Prophase, Interphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase C. Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase D. Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Telophase, Anaphase 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200514

15. DO NOW NOV 25 Explain how DNA is packaged to fit into the cell. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200515

16. DO NOW ANSWERED Histones are proteins that assist in the folding of DNA to form nucleosomes. Chromatin is composed of DNA and proteins which further condenses to form chromosomes. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200516

17. AGENDA Nov 25 BIG QUESTION: How do cells divide? 1. QotD and DO NOW 2. Cell Division and 10-2 Mitosis 3. Illustrate the phases of Mitosis 4. Closing Thoughts and Homework 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200517

18. AGENDA NOV 25 BIG Question: What is mitosis? 1. QotD and DO NOW 2. Phases of Mitosis 3. Observing Mitosis Lab 4. Review and Homework –Complete the Guided Reading Packet on Meiosis 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200518

19. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200519 10-2 Cell Division Process in which the cell divides into two daughter cells Each new daughter cell has an exact copy of genetic information Think of it as a “genetic library”

20. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200520 Cell Division: Mitosis and Cytokinesis first stage mitosis: the process in which nucleus of the cell is divided into two nuclei –Daughter cells identical to parent cell second stage cytokinesis: process by which the cytoplasm divides, thus forming two distinct cells

21. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200521 Chromosomes Structures that carry the genetic information Made of DNA and protein Circular in proks Specific lengths of DNA in euks

22. Sister Chromatids A chromosome consists of 2 identical sister chromatids. Attached by a centromere. As a cell divides, one chromatid goes to each new daughter cell. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200522

23. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200523 Chromatin composed of DNA and protein Histones help fold DNA so it can fit in the nucleus nucleosomes: tiny particles formed from the DNA and histone molecules

24. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200524 The Cell Cycle Period of time from one cell division to the next division. –Divide at different times. Human adult cells is 20 hours Need controls for division and growth

25. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200525 Interphase phases that occur in between cell divisions –G 1 phase: growth occurs, organelles copy themselves –S phase: synthesis, chromosomes duplicate themselves –G 2 phase: Cell prepares for mitosis

26. Mitosis – The M Phase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and Cytokinesis 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200526

27. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200527

28. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200528 Prophase longest phase Chromatin condenses chromosomes appear Centrioles separate Spindle forms Nuclear envelope breaks down

29. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200529 Metaphase shortest phase chromosomes line up across center of cell chromosomes attach to spindle

30. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200530 Anaphase centromeres split Sister chromatids separate chromosomes move toward opposite sides

31. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200531 Telophase spindle breaks form two nuclei around each set of chromosomes Cytokinesis –Cytoplasm divides –in animal cells, the cell membrane is pinched –in plants, a cell plate forms midway between the divided nuclei

32. Question of the DAY Nov 26 Which phase of mitosis sees chromsomes line up along the center of the cell? A. Prophase B. Metaphase C. Anaphase D. Telophase 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200532

33. POST IT POSTERS Take 4 Post It Notes Write down one phase of Mitosis on each Post it Note. I will explain what to do with them in a minute. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200533

34. DO NOW Nov 26 Which phase of the Cell Cycle is critical to the division of new healthy cells? Explain your answer. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200534

35. DO NOW ANSWERED Nov 26 The S-phase of the Cell Cycle is the phase where DNA is copied. The copying of chromosomes ensures that each new daughter cell has an identical set of chromosomes to the original cell. Without a complete set of chromosomes, a new cell would not be able to perform its functions. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200535

36. AGENDA Nov 26 BIG Question: How do cells divide? 1. Question of the Day and DO NOW 2. Microscope Review 3. Observing Mitosis Lab 4. Review and Homework –Complete the Lab Packet and Questions 5. Exit Pass 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200536

37. DO NOW Nov 27 TRIMESTER EXAMS 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200537

38. AGENDA Nov 27 BIG Question: How do cells divide? 1. DO NOW 2. Homework Check 3. Complete Observing Mitosis Lab 4. Review and Homework –Complete the Lab Questions –Finish the Chapter 10 – 11 Guided Reading Packet HAPPY THANKSGIVING!!! 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200538

39. Phases of Mitosis 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200539

40. Phases of Mitosis 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200540

41. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200541

42. Phases of Mitosis Post It Notes Prophase - Chromatin condenses Chromosomes appear Centrioles separate Spindle forms NUCLEAR ENVELOPE BREAKS DOWN Metaphase – Spindles attach to chromosomes SHORTEST PHASE Anaphase – CENTROMERES SPLIT Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite sides Telophase – SPINDLE BREAKS Two new nuclei form 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200542

43. Question of the Day DEC 2 A protein that regulates the timing of the cell cycle is A. ATP SYNTHASE B. RUBISCO C. CYCLIN D. POLYMERASE 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200543

44. DO NOW DEC 2 Draw a phase of mitosis. Label all of the key parts. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200544

45. AGENDA DEC 2 BIG Question: How do cells divide? 1. Question and DO NOW 2. Start of Trimester 2 3. Homework Check –Review Homework 4. Chapter 10: Regulating Cell Division 5. HOMEWORK: Test this week… STUDY 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200545

46. 10-3 Regulating the Cell Cycle Controls on cell growth and cell division can be turned on or off. Injury occurs –Cells divide rapidly. –As healing completed, division slows down and returns to normal. CYCLIN: proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells. What would happen when repair an injury if cycle was not controlled? 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200546

47. Cell Cycle Regulators Internal: Proteins respond to events inside the cell. Only allow cell cycle to proceed after chromosomes have been copied. External: Proteins that respond to events outside the cell. Growth Factors Molecules/Signals found on other cells 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200547

48. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200548 Uncontrolled Cell Growth cancer: a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their own rate of growth continue to grow and divide until the supply of nutrients is exhausted

49. Cancer Cells Tumor – Mass of growing tissue Metastasize - To spread from one part of the body to another causing secondary tumors to form. Malignancy - cancerous cells that have the ability to spread to other sites in the body or to invade and destroy tissues Benign versus Malignant 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200549

50. 11-4 Meiosis chromosome number –each organism has two sets of chromosomes –one set comes from each parent –homologous chromosomes: corresponding chromosomes from each set –diploid: cell with two sets of homologous chromosomes –haploid: cell with one set of chromosomes

51. Chromosome Numbers Drosophilia fruit fly Body cell has 8 chromosomes –4 from female4 from male –Homologous chromosomes –Diploid number = 8 or 2N (two sets) –N = 4 –Haploid number = 4 or N (one set) 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200551

52. Question of the Day DEC 3 The wolf, Canis lupus, has 78 chromosomes in a somatic cell. How many chromosomes does a gamete contain? A. 78 B. 156 C. 39 D. 23 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200552

53. DO NOW DEC 3 Which phase of the Cell Cycle is critical to the division of new healthy cells? Explain your answer. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200553

54. DO NOW ANSWERED DEC 3 The S-phase of the Cell Cycle is the phase where DNA is copied. The copying of chromosomes ensures that each new daughter cell has an identical set of chromosomes to the original cell. Without a complete set of chromosomes, a new cell would not be able to perform its functions. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200554

55. AGENDA DEC 3 BIG Question: How do cells divide? 1. Question of the Day and DO NOW 2. Cancer Cells 3. Meiosis 4. Review and Homework –Complete the Meiosis Diagrams –STUDY!!! 5. EXIT PASS 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200555

56. The Phases of Meiosis meiosis: process of reduction division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half and the homologous chromosomes that exist in a diploid cell are separated creates gamete cells What are gametes?

57. Meiosis I Prophase I Tetrad – 4 chromatids joined together –2 pairs of homologous chromosomes joined together Crossing-over – pairs of homologous chromosomes exchange sections of DNA Exchange provides genetic diversity 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200557

58. Meiosis I prophase I: homologous chromosomes seek out one another to form a tetrad metaphase I: homologous chromosomes line up across center of the cell –crossing over occurs: exchange portions of their chromatids anaphase I: homologous chromosomes separate telophase I: two new cells are formed

59. Meiosis II happens exactly like mitosis has prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II end up with four cells with half the amount of chromosomes as the original

60. Gamete Formation Gametes are the reproductive cells of an organism that reproduces through sexual reproduction. Males  Sperm Cell (N) Females  Egg Cell (N) –Only 1 out of the 4 haploid cells produced receives cytoplasm –The other 3 cells are called Polar Bodies –Not involved in reproduction 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200560

61. Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis Mitosis produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells (Diploid). –One 2N cell  Two 2N cells Meiosis produces 4 genetically different gamete cells (Haploid). –One 2N cell  4 N cells How does a fertilized egg have 2N chromosomes? 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200561

62. Pages 276 and 277 Draw the phases of Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Label the phases to understand what is taking place. 6/3/2016Template copyright www.brainybetty.com 200562