1. Evolvability and Sensor Evolution University of Birmingham 25 April 2003 Electroreception: Functional, evolutionary and information processing perspectives Mark E. Nelson Beckman Institute Univ. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

2. Overview Background on electric fish Functional considerations mechanosensory signals (lateral line) low-frequency electrosensory (passive) high-frequency electrosensory (active) Evolution and development developmental clues evolution and evolvability Information processing considerations shared spatial signal characteristics topographic maps shared mechanisms for improving S/N

3. Distribution of electric fish

4. Modes of electroreception Passive (fields from external sources) Animate (bioelectric, gills, muscle, heart) Inanimate (electrochemical, geomagnetic) Sharks, skates, rays, catfish, all electric fish Active (perturbations to fish’s own field) Animate (other animals, predators, prey) Inanimate (any object with an electrical conductivity differing from the water) All weakly electric fish (knifefish, elephant-nose) Some strongly electric fish (electric eel)

5. Electroreceptor Organ Morphology

6. Apteronotus albifrons (black ghost knifefish)

7. Functional considerations Active Electrolocation

8. mechano Low freq E MacIver, from Carr et al., 1982 Receptor distribution ~14,000 tuberous electroreceptor organs

9. Principles of electrolocation millivolt signal amplitudes audio frequency range (carrier freq ~ 1 kHz) amplitude modulation (AM depth ~ 1-10%)

10. Prey-capture video analysis

12. Fish Body Model

13. Motion capture software

14. Sample High-Freq. Electrosensory Image

15. Functional considerations Physical Characteristics of the Target

16. Daphnia signal characteristics Mechanosensory stimuli Low-frequency bioelectric fields Perturbations to the fish’s high-frequency electric field Daphnia 1 mm

17. Mechanosensory Kirk, K.L., Water flows produced by Daphnia… Limnol. Oceanogr 1985. Jerky propulsion using main antennae  Fast power stroke – Daphnia moves up  Slow recover phase – Daphnia sinks Normal swimming 1-3 antennal beats s -1  Escape bursts up to 23 beats s -1 Typical flows near antennae ~ 10 mm s -1

18. Bioelectric fields (low freq) W. Wojtenek, L. Wilkens, et al. Univ. of Missouri, St. Louis Daphnia produce both DC and low- frequency AC bioelectric fields DC: up to 1000  V, orientation dependent AC: 10-100  V, 3-15 Hz

19. Bioelectric fields (low freq) Wojtenek, Wilkens, et al. DC

20. Bioelectric fields (low freq) Wojtenek, Wilkens, et al. AC

21. Active Electrolocation

22. Voltage perturbation at skin  : Daphnia Perturbation electrical contrast prey volume fish E-field at prey distance from prey to receptor Worst case: prey is invisible,  = 0 Best case: prey is perfect conductor

23. Evolutionary and developmental considerations Electrosensory / Mechanosensory Relationships

24. Peak dipole amplitude Receptor activation A(r) 1/r p Neuromasts respond to  p between pores  p(r) ~ 1/r 3 3 mechano | D prey | is independent of r A(r) ~ 1/r 2 2 Low freq E | E fish | falls off with r  (r) ~ 1/r 3 – near field  (r) ~ 1/r 5 - far field 3-5 High freq E

25. Multimodal contributions Electrosensory (active) Electrosensory (passive) Mechanosensory lateral line

26. Apteronotus Receptor number Apteronotus Receptor distribution Low freq E ~ 700 passive electrosensory receptor organs Carr et al. 1982 mechano ~ 250 mechanosensory receptor organs Coombs bb High freq E ~ 14,000 active electrosensory receptor organs MacIver, from Carr et al., 1982

27. Mechanosensory Sense Organ Morphology Coombs et al., 1988

28. Ontongeny Jørgensen, 1989

29. Phylogeny Jørgensen, 1989

30. Information processing considerations Central processing of Electrosensory and Mechanosensory Signals

31. Central Processing in the ELL Spatiotemporal Filtering in ELL

32. Spatiotemporal processing in the ELL

33. Conclusions I: General insights into evolution of the electric sense although it may seem exotic to us, electric sensing was an early discovery in the course of vertebrate evolution the electrosensory system is closely related to the lateral line system of fish and hearing and balance in terrestrial animals receptor cell and receptor organ plasticity seem to be central to evolvability of different modalities and submodalities

34. Conclusions II: Information processing in electrosensory & mechanosensory systems share similar spatial processing properties  dipole nature of the stimuli  topographic maps differ in temporal processing (different time scales, different propagation delays)  mechanosensory 1 Hz vs. electrosensory 1000 Hz  speed of sound vs. speed of light share similar neural mechanisms for improving signal-to-noise ratios  spatiotemporal integration  adaptive noise suppression

35. Acknowledgements Sheryl Coombs, collaborator at Loyola Malcolm MacIver (former grad student, new faculty member at Northwestern) Ruediger Krahe, Niklas Ludtke, Ling Chen, Kevin Christie, Jonathan House (current Nelson lab members) NIMH and NSF