1. Chapter 16 Lymphatic System and Immunity vessels that assist in circulating fluids transports fluid to the bloodstream transports fats to bloodstream 16-2

2. Lymphatic Pathways 16-3

3. Lymphatic Pathways 16-4

4. Lymphatic Capillaries microscopic closed-ended tubes in interstitial spaces of most tissues 16-5 Lymph ocytes.mov

5. Lymphatic Vessels merge into lymphatic trunks lymphatic trunks drain into collecting ducts 16-6

6. Tissue Fluid and Lymph Lymph tissue fluid that has entered a lymphatic capillary 16-8

7. Spleen largest lymphatic organ upper left abdominal quadrant sinuses filled with blood 16-15

8. Body Defenses Against Infection pathogen bacteria, viruses, etc innate defenses general defenses adaptive defenses immunity carried out by lymphocytes 16-16

9. Innate Defenses Species Resistance resistance to certain diseases to which other species are susceptible Mechanical Barriers skin mucous membranes Fever increases phagocytic activity 16-17

10. Innate Defenses Chemical Barriers enzymes in various body fluids interferons defensins collectins Natural Killer Cells type of lymphocyte lysis of viral-infects cells and cancer cells 16-18

11. Innate Defenses Inflammation response to injury promotes healing blood vessels dilate white blood cells attracted to area clot forms fibroblasts arrive phagocytes are active Phagocytosis neutrophils monocytes macrophages destruction of foreign particles 16-19 Nonspecific Immunitiy.mov Machrophage.mov Fevor.mov Interferion.mov

12. Immunity resistance to particular pathogens or to their toxins or metabolic by-products antigens elicit immune responses 16-20

13. Lymphocyte Functions T cells secrete lymphokines help activate T cells cause T cell proliferation activate cytotoxic T cells stimulate leukocyte production stimulate B cells to mature activate macrophages secrete toxins that kill cells secrete growth-inhibiting factors secrete interferon cellular immune response 16-23 T cells.mov

14. Lymphocyte Functions B cells differentiate into plasma cells produce antibodies 16-24

15. T Cells types of T cells T cell 16-25

16. T Cell and B Cell Activation 16-26

17. B Cell Proliferation 16-27

18. Antibody Actions agglutination precipitation neutralization activation of complement 16-31 Antibodies.mov

19. Actions of the Complement System 16-32 Vacination.mov

20. Allergic Reactions Type I hives hay fever asthma eczema gastric disturbances anaphylactic shock 16-35

21. Allergic Reactions Type II antibody-dependent cytotoxic reaction takes 1-3 hours to develop transfusion reaction Type III immune-complex reaction takes 1-3 hours to develop antibody complexes cannot be cleared from body damage of body tissues 16-36

22. Allergic Reactions Type IV delayed-reaction allergy results from repeated exposure to allergen eruptions and inflammation of the skin takes about 48 hours to occur 16-37

23. Transplantation and Tissue Rejection corneas kidneys livers pancreases hearts bone marrow skin Tissue rejection reaction important to match MHC antigens 16-38

24. Graft Types Isograft – identical twin Autograft - self Allograft – same species Xenograft – different species 16-39

25. Autoimmunity Autoimmune Disorders glomerulonephritis Graves disease type I diabetes hemolytic anemia myasthenia gravis rheumatic fever rheumatic arthritis lupus 16-40

26. Life-Span Changes immune system declines early in life when thymus gland shrinks higher risk of infections antibody response to antigens becomes slower 16-41

27. Clinical Application Immunity Breakdown: AIDS recurrent fever weakness weight loss caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) HIV impair macrophages and helper T cells later in infection, HIV impairs cytotoxic T cells HIV mutates quickly immune system cannot keep up with HIV 16-42