1. GENETIC MODIFICATION Isabella Naranjo Nicole Senz Maria Clara Narvaez

2.  Genetic modification is the use of modern biotechnology techniques to change the genes of an organism (animal or plant).  It is used to change an organism to have more favorable traits.  GM includes using genes form one organism and inserting them into another but this is not necessary to create a GMO.  GMO can mean that an organism’s own genes are modified.

3. Gene transfer  The genetic code is universal  All organisms use the same genetic code.  if a gene is transferred from one species to another it should still be transcribed and translated into the same protein.  There are some exceptions.

4. Gene transfer technique  Stage 1: restriction enzymes are used to cut out the useful gene that is going to be transferred. Leaves sticky ends on the sides of the gene. Stage 2: Prepare a vector for the transferred gene by using plasmids (DNA molecules found in bacteria). Plasmids are cut by the same restriction enzyme which leaves on them the same sticky ends as the ones on the gene.

5.  Stage 3: The gene is glued into the plasmid using DNA ligase. This plasmid is called a recombinant DNA and it can be used as a vector. In this stage the gene is copied and combined with the DNA.

6.  Stage 4: The recombinant DNA is introduced into the host cell. Many cells remain untransformed but some cells are transformed to contain the recombinant DNA. Transformed cells must be separated from untransformed cells.

7.  Stage 5: The transformed cells are isolated and introduced into a fermenter to be cloned. The bacteria with the recombinant DNA grows by asexual reproduction and then the next step is to isolate and purify the product (downstream processing)

8. Examples Genetically modified crops  GOLDEN RICE: It is a variety of rice, which was genetically modified to produce beta-carotene and developed as a fortified food to be grown in areas where there is a shortage of dietary vitamin A. Golden rice was created by transforming rice with two beta-carotene biosynthesis genes:transforming  psy (phytoene synthase) from daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus)daffodil  crtI from the soil bacterium Erwinia uredovoraErwinia uredovora The psy and crtI genes were transformed into the rice nuclear genome and placed under the control of an endosperm-specific promoter, so they are only expressed in the endosperm.promoter expressed

10. In animals  The first transgenic animals were produced by injecting DNA into eggs, implanting the eggs in animals and then waiting weeks or months to see if any offspring had incorporated the extra DNA. 1. Pigs enriched with Omega3 2. Body parts grown in mice.

11. Advantages  Helps in the process of bioremediation which is the process of cleaning up waste and pollution with the help of living organisms.  Helps lowering the overall usage of herbicide and pesticide.  Today, genetic engineering can produce sustainable agriculture.  In humans, genetic engineering is used to treat genetic disorders and cancer. It also helps in supplying new body parts  Increased production in regions of food shortage.  production of crops with specific dietary requirement such as vitamins and minerals.  GM animals produce similar effect including higher meat yields..

12. Disadvantages  GM foods are considered un-natural and unsafe for human consumption.  There is a risk that the genes go into the environment where they may go to other organisms causing unknown effects.

13. POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF BT MAIZE  Less pest damage.  Less land needed for crop production.  Less use of insecticide sprays.

14. POTENTIAL HARMFUL EFFECTS OF BT MAIZE  Humans or animals that eat the genetically modified maize might be harmed by the bacteria DNA in it.  Insects that are not pest could be killed.  Populations of wild plants might be changed

15. PRODUCTION OF INSULIN

16. BIBLIOGRAPHY  http://tiffanybiology.blogspot.com/2011/1 0/448-outline-basic-technique-used- for.html http://tiffanybiology.blogspot.com/2011/1 0/448-outline-basic-technique-used- for.html  http://www.slideshare.net/JonathanOLea ry/ib-biology-genetics http://www.slideshare.net/JonathanOLea ry/ib-biology-genetics  http://www.csiro.au/Outcomes/Food- and-Agriculture/WhatIsGM.aspx http://www.csiro.au/Outcomes/Food- and-Agriculture/WhatIsGM.aspx